Steroid compounds with anti-tumor activity

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to novel steroid compounds of Formula (IB) having anti-tumor activity. The present invention also relates to a method for the preparation of said steroid compounds. The invention further relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of said steroid compounds. Furthermore, the present invention concerns the use of said steroid compounds as a medicament and in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cancer. The present invention also relates to the use of a steroid compound or a pharmaceutical composition comprising said steroid compound according to the invention in the treatment of cancer.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the medical field. In a first aspect, the present invention relates to novel steroid compounds having a pharmacological activity, in particular an anti-tumor activity. In a second aspect, the present invention relates to a method for preparation of said steroid compounds. The invention further relates in a third aspect to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of said steroid compounds. In a fourth aspect, the present invention concerns the use of said steroid compounds as a medicament and the use of said steroid compounds for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cancer. In a fifth aspect, the present invention relates to the use of a steroid compound or a pharmaceutical composition comprising said steroid compound according to the invention in the treatment of cancer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cancer develops in a given tissue when some genomic mutation perturbs cell cycle kinetics by increasing cell proliferation or decreasing cell death, or both. This perturbation leads to unrestrained growth of a genomically transformed cell population. Some cells from this transformed cell population may switch to the angiogenic phenotype, enabling them to recruit endothelial cells from the healthy tissue and leading to the sustained growth of the developing neoplastic tumor tissue. Subsequently, some cells migrate from the neoplastic tumor tissue and colonize new tissues, using blood or lymphatic vessels as major routes of migration. This process is also known as the metastatic process.

In practice, most of the agents used today in hospitals to treat cancer patients are drugs, which more or less directly target the cell kinetics, i.e. cell proliferation, of the cancer to be combated. The working mechanism of such anti-cancer drugs essentially relates to the disruption of the development of malignant cells by acting on cell kinetics. These drugs include alkylating agents, intercalating agents, antimetabolites, etc. . . . most of which target DNA or enzymes regulating the DNA duplication and elongation process. These drugs attack the DNA.

A major drawback of these drugs involves that the drugs do not work in a selective manner, i.e. they do not select between normal and neoplastic cells. They are used in accordance with the fact that the DNA of rapidly proliferating cells, i.e. cancer cells, is more sensitive to this type of agents than the DNA of less rapidly proliferating cells, i.e. normal cells. However, rapidly growing tumors are not always tumors exhibiting high levels of cell proliferation. Rapidly growing tumors may also include tumors which exhibit low levels of cell death compared to the normal cell population from which these tumor cells issue. For these types of rapidly growing tumors, the above-described, non-selective anti-cancer drugs are not effective.

In addition, the great majority of the drugs used in the standard treatment of cancer using the cell kinetics approach have the drawback of being toxic or even highly toxic, i.e. involving many detrimental side-effects on healthy cells, tissues and organs, and this limits their clinical use to a relatively low number of administrations per patient. In addition, several of these compounds must be combined into a poly-chemotherapeutic regimen in order to have any observable effect against cancer. By way of evidence such anti-cancer drug combinations increase detrimentally the toxicity of the treatment and also limit the number of administrations that can be applied.

Some anti-cancer drugs from natural origins, such as e.g. anti-tubulin compounds, using a therapeutic approach different from the cell kinetics approach, have been proposed. Said drugs aim to prevent the migration of cancer cells which escape from the primary tumor tissue and first invade neighbouring tissue therefore establishing metastases. However, the compounds of this type known so far also show major toxic side effects, which limits their use over long periods of treatment.

Therefore, there remains an urgent need in the art for finding improved anti-cancer drugs, which overcome at least some of the above-mentioned drawbacks. Consequently, it is a general object of the invention to provide improved anti-cancer drugs. More in particular, it is an object of the present invention to provide novel anti-cancer drugs and methods for synthesizing these. It is still another object of the invention to provide intermediate compounds as a result of the aforementioned synthesis methods, which have a pharmaceutical utility, e.g. in the treatment of cancer.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect the present invention relates to steroid compounds having the below given basic structure and being substituted in positions A or B.

In particular, the present invention relates to steroid compounds of the formula IA or formula IB or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein X₁, X₂, R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from the group comprising oxo, hydrogen, hydroxyl, oxyalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxyalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkanoyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylalkanoyl, cycloalkylthiocarbonyl, cycloalkylalkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylalkoxythiocarbonyl, cycloalkylthioalkyl, alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, silyloxyalkyl, aralkyl, arylalkenyl, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylthiocarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, arylalkylthiocarbonyl, aryloxyalky, arylthioalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aralkanoyl, aroyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxyalkanoyl, carboxyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, Het¹, Het¹alkyl, Het¹oxyalkyl, Het¹aryl, Het¹aralkyl, Het¹cycloalkyl, Het¹alkoxycarbonyl, Het¹alkylthiocarbonyl, Het¹oxycarbonyl, Het¹thiocarbonyl, Het¹alkanoyl, Het¹aralkanoyl, Het¹aryloxyalkyl, Het¹alkyloxyalkyl, Het¹arylthioalkyl, Het¹aryloxycarbonyl, Het¹aralkoxycarbonyl, Het¹aroyl, Het¹oxyalkylcarbonyl, Het¹alkyloxyalkylcarbonyl, Het¹aryloxyalkylcarbonyl, Het¹carbonyloxyalkyl, Het¹alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, Het¹aralkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, Het¹alkyl, Het²oxyalkyl, Het²alkyloxyalkyl, Het²aralkyl, Het²carbonyl, Het²oxycarbonyl, Het²thiocarbonyl, Het²alkanoyl, Het²alkylthiocarbonyl, Het²alkoxycarbonyl, Het²aralkanoyl, Het²aralkoxycarbonyl, Het²aryloxycarbonyl, Het²aroyl, Het²aryloxyalkyl, Het²arylthioalkyl, Het²oxyalkylcarbonyl, Het²alkyloxyalkylcarbonyl, Het²aryloxyalkylcarbonyl, Het²carbonyloxyalkyl, Het²alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, Het²aralkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, cyano, CR³═NR⁴, CR³═N(OR⁴), aminocarbonyl, aminoalkanoyl, aminoalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group comprising alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, aminocarbonyl, mono- or di(alkyl)aminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylS(═O)_(t), hydroxy, cyano, halogen or amino optionally mono- or disubstituted wherein the substituents are independently selected from the group comprising alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aryloxy, arylamino, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, aralkoxy, alkylthio, alkoxy, aryloxyalkoxy, aylaminoalkoxy, aralkylamino, aryloxyalkylamino, arylaminoalkylamino, arylthioalkoxy, arylthioalkylamino, aralkylthio, aryloxyalkylthio, arylaminoalkylthio, arylthioalkylthio, alkylamino, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, Het¹, Het², Het¹alkyl, Het²alkyl, Het¹amino, Het²amino, Het¹alkylamino, Het²alkylamino, Het¹thio, Het²thio, Het¹alkylthio, Het²alkylthio, Het¹oxy and Het²oxy, OR³, SR³, SO₂NR³R⁴, SO₂N(OH)R³, CN, CR³═NR⁴, S(O)R³, SO₂R³, CR³═N(OR⁴), N₃, NO₂, NR³R⁴, N(OH)R³, C(O)R³, C(S)R³, CO₂R³, C(O)SR₃, C(O)NR³R⁴, C(S)NR³R⁴, C(O)N(OH)R⁴, C(S)N(OH)R³, NR³C(O)R⁴, NR³C(S)R⁴, N(OH)C(O)R⁴, N(OH)C(S)R³, NR³CO₂R⁴, NR³C(O)NR⁴R⁵, and NR³C(S)NR⁴R⁵, N(OH)CO₂R³, NR³C(O)SR₄, N(OH)C(O)NR³R⁴, N(OH)C(S)NR³R⁴, NR³C(O)N(OH)R⁴, NR³C(S)N(OH)R⁴, NR³SO₂R⁴, NHSO₂NR³R⁴, NR³SO₂NHR⁴, P(O)(OR³)(OR⁴), wherein t is an integer between 1 and 2 and R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently selected from the group comprising hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aminoalkyl, aminoaryl, alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino alkylthiocarbonylamino and arylthiocarbonylamino;

wherein X₃ participates together with X₃′ to an oxo functional group, or wherein X₃ is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, hydroxyl, sulfur, oxyalkyl, oxycarbonyl, alkyl, Het¹alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aminoalkyl, aminoacyl, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylthiocarbonylamino, Het¹, glycosyl, thio derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected derivatives thereof, alkyloxycarbonyl, optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group comprising alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl and aminocarbonyl; and X₃ is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, Het¹, glycosyl, thio derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected derivatives thereof, aralkyl, and optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group comprising alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, aminocarbonyl, mono- or di(alkyl)aminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylS(═O)_(t), hydroxy, cyano, halogen or amino optionally mono- or disubstituted wherein the substituents are independently selected from the group comprising alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aryloxy, arylamino, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, aralkoxy, alkylthio, alkoxy, aryloxyalkoxy, aylaminoalkoxy, aralkylamino, aryloxyalkylamino, arylaminoalkylamino, arylthioalkoxy, arylthioalkylamino, aralkylthio, aryloxyalkylthio, arylaminoalkylthio, arylthioalkylthio, alkylamino, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl;

wherein X₄ and X₇ are independently selected from the group comprising hydrogen, oxygen, halogen, oxo, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, Het¹, glycosyl, thio derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected derivatives thereof, Het¹alkyl, Het¹aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, hydroxycarbonylaryl, hydroxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and hydroxycarbonyloxyaryl; aminocarbonyl, mono- or di(alkyl)aminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylS(═O)_(t), hydroxy, aminoalkyl, aminoaryl, cyano, halogen or amino optionally mono- or disubstituted wherein the substituents are independently selected from the group comprising alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aryloxy, arylamino, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, aralkoxy, alkylthio, alkoxy, aryloxyalkoxy, aylaminoalkoxy, aralkylamino, aryloxyalkylamino, arylaminoalkylamino, arylthioalkoxy, arylthioalkylamino, aralkylthio, aryloxyalkylthio, arylaminoalkylthio, arylthioalkylthio, alkylamino, Het¹, Het², alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, aminocarbonyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl;

wherein X₅ participates to a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 4 and 5 or between carbon atoms in positions 5 and 6, and X₆ is independently selected from the group comprising hydrogen, hydroxyl and hydroxyalkyl, or

wherein X₅ and X₆ are independently selected from the group comprising halogen hydrogen, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, aminoaryl, optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group comprising alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, aminocarbonyl, and

wherein n is an integer between 0 and 10,

provided that when X₆ and X₄ are H, when X₅ participates to a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 5 and 6, when X₃ participates together with X₃′ to an oxo functional group, when n is zero and X₁, X₂, R₁ and R₂ are H, X₇ is not hydroxyl.

The present invention provides novel steroid compounds that have anti-tumor activity and that are consequently very suitable for use in all kind of therapeutic applications as described below.

In a second aspect, the present invention relates to a method for synthesizing said steroid compounds.

In addition, the present invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the above-described compounds. Furthermore, the present invention relates to steroid compounds for use as a medicament and for use in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of diseases associated with cell proliferation, in particular for treatment of cancer. The present invention further relates to the use of the above-described compounds or a pharmaceutical composition comprising said compounds in the treatment of cancer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 represents an example of a reaction scheme for preparing a steroid compound according to the invention.

FIGS. 2 to 5 represent the anti-tumor activity of different steroid compounds according to the invention on six human cancer cell lines. FIGS. 2, 3, 4 and 5 represent the anti-tumor activity of compounds UBS881, UBS1664, UBS1740 and UBS1819, respectively.

FIG. 6 compares the cytotoxic and anti-tumor activity of different compounds according to the invention, in particular compounds UBS881, UBS1664, UBS1740 and UBS1819 on six human cancer cell lines.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Steroid Compounds According to the Invention

A lot of steroids compounds are described in the literature. These compounds have various biological activities. For example, WO 96/10031 and WO 98/14194 describe steroid derivatives as neurochemical stimulators of a specific neuroepithelial receptor to alleviate symptoms of anxiety.

The present invention now relates to novel steroid compounds showing anti-tumor activity. According to the present invention the term “anti-tumor activity”, refers to the in vitro as well as in vivo anti-tumor effects exerted by the steroid compounds according to the invention. The anti-tumor effects essentially include but are not limited to a dramatic decrease of cell growth and a pro-apoptotic effect. Importantly, the steroid compounds according to the invention exhibits anti-tumor activity on a large number of cancer types, such as but not limited to glioma cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer and bladder cancer amongst others.

Importantly, the steroid compounds according to the invention also have an anti-migratory effect. Migration refers to the process whereby cells migrate from the neoplastic tumor tissue and colonize new tissues, using blood or lymphatic vessels as major routes of migration. This process is also known as the metastatic process. According to the present invention the term “anti-migratory”, refers to the ability of compounds according to the invention to stop the migration of cells away from the neoplastic tumor tissue and thus reduces the colonization of new tissues by these cells.

The term “steroid” as used herein is intended to mean compounds having a perhydrogenated cyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus. The compounds according to the invention, represented by the general formula given below, have four rings, represented by the letters A to D.

Whenever the term “substituted” is used in the present invention, it is meant to indicate that one or more hydrogens on the atom indicated in the expression using “substituted” is replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the indicated atom's normal valency is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a chemically stable compound, i.e. a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into a therapeutic agent.

As used herein the term “glycosylated” or “glycosyl” refers a saccharyl moiety such as a mono-, di-, oligo- or an poly-saccharide moiety, a hydroxy-substituted cyclohexyl moiety, the amino derivatives thereof, the thio derivatives thereof or the hydroxyl-protected derivatives thereof such as acetate derivatives thereof. The term “saccharyl” as used herein refers to a saccharide moiety which comprises monosaccharides, di-, tri-, oligo- and polysaccharides. Exemplary monosaccharide moiety includes but is not limited to a pentosyl, a hexosyl, or a heptosyl moiety. The glycosyl moiety may also be substituted with various groups. Such substitutions may include lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, acyl, carboxy, carboxyamino, amino, acetamido, halo, thio, nitro, keto, and phosphatyl groups, wherein the substitution may be at one or more positions on the saccharide. Moreover, the glycosyl may also be present as a deoxy glycosyl. The hydroxy-substituted cyclohexyl moiety includes but is not limited to mono-hydroxycyclohexyl group such as 2-, 3- or 4-hydroxycyclohexyl group, a di-hydroxycyclohexyl group such as 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4-, or 3,5 -dihydroxycyclohexyl) group, a tri-hydroxycyclohexyl group such as 2,3,4-, 2,3,5-, 2,3,6-, 3,4,5-, or 3,4,6-trihydroxycyclohexyl group or a tetra-hydroxycyclohexyl group such as 2,3,4,5-, 2,3,4,6-, or 2,3,5,6-tetrahydroxycyclohexyl group, hydroxyl-protected derivatives thereof, thio derivatives thereof or amino derivatives thereof.

In an embodiment, said glycosyl is a saccharyl moiety, a hydroxy-substituted cyclohexyl moiety, including monosaccharide, L or D isomers thereof, α or β form thereof, pyranose or furanose form thereof; combination thereof, deoxy derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected acetate derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof optionally substituted, thio derivatives thereof, di-, tri-, oligo- and polysaccharide thereof.

As used herein, the term “halo” or “halogen” as a group or part of a group is generic for fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.

The term “alkyl”, alone or in combination, means straight and branched chained saturated hydrocarbon radicals containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, 2-methylbutyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl, 3-methylpentyl, octyl and the like.

The term “alkenyl”, alone or in combination, defines straight and branched chained hydrocarbon radicals containing from 2 to about 18 carbon atoms, preferably from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably 2-6 carbon atoms containing at least one double bond such as, for example, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl and the like.

The term “alkynyl”, alone or in combination, defines straight and branched chained hydrocarbon radicals having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms containing at least one triple bond, more preferably from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms. Examples of alkynyl radicals include ethynyl, propynyl, (propargyl), butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl and the like.

The term “cycloalkyl” alone or in combination, means a saturated or partially saturated monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic alkyl radical wherein each cyclic moiety contains from about 3 to about 8 carbon atoms, more preferably from about 3 to about 7 carbon atoms. Examples of monocyclic cycloalkyl radicals include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl and the like. Examples of polycyclic cycloalkyl radicals include decahydronaphthyl, bicyclo [5.4.0] undecyl, adamantyl, and the like.

The term “cycloalkylalkyl” means an alkyl radical as defined herein, in which at least one hydrogen atom on the alkyl radical is replaced by a cycloalkyl radical as defined herein. Examples of such cycloalkylalkyl radicals include cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, 1-cyclopentylethyl, 1 -cyclohexylethyl, 2-cyclopentylethyl, 2-cyclohexylethyl, cyclobutylpropyl, cyclopentylpropyl, 3-cyclopentylbutyl, cyclohexylbutyl and the like.

The term “aryl” alone or in combination, is meant to include phenyl and naphtyl which both may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, hydroxy, amino, nitro, cyano, haloalkyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkyl, Het¹, amido, optionally mono- or disubstituted aminocarbonyl, methylthio, methylsulfonyl, and phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkyloxy, halogen, hydroxy, optionally mono- or disubstituted amino, nitro, cyano, haloC₁₋₆alkyl, carboxyl, C₁₋₆alkoxycarbonyl, C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, Het¹, optionally mono- or disubstituted aminocarbonyl, methylthio and methylsulfonyl; whereby the optional substituents on any amino function are independently selected from alkyl, alkyloxy, Het¹, Het¹alkyl, Het¹alkyl, Het¹oxy, Het¹oxyalkyl, phenyl, phenyloxy, phenyloxyalkyl, phenylalkyl, alkyloxycarbonylamino, amino, and aminoalkyl whereby each of the amino groups may optionally be mono- or where possible di-substituted with alkyl. Examples of aryl includes phenyl, p-tolyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-(tert-butoxy)phenyl, 3-methyl-4-methoxyphenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 3-nitrophenyl, 3-aminophenyl, 3-acetamidophenyl, 4-acetamidophenyl, 2-methyl-3-acetamidophenyl, 2-methyl-3-aminophenyl, 3-methyl-4-aminophenyl, 2-amino-3-methylphenyl, 2,4-dimethyl-3-aminophenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 3-amino-1-naphthyl, 2-methyl-3-amino-1-naphthyl, 6-amino-2-naphthyl, 4,6-dimethoxy-2-naphthyl and the like.

The term “aralkyl” alone or in combination, means an alkyl as defined herein, wherein an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by an aryl as defined herein. Examples of aralkyl radicals include benzyl, phenethyl, dibenzylmethyl, methylphenylmethyl, 3-(2-naphthyl)-butyl, and the like.

As used herein, the term “oxo” or “═O” forms a carbonyl moiety with the carbon atom to which it is attached. As used herein, the term “carboxyl” or “—COOH” is an acid moiety whereby the carbon atom binds to the carbon atom to which it is attached.

The term “haloalkyl” alone or in combination, means an alkyl radical having the meaning as defined above wherein one or more hydrogens are replaced with a halogen, preferably, chloro or fluoro atoms, more preferably fluoro atoms. Examples of such haloalkyl radicals include chloromethyl, 1-bromoethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 1,1,1-trifluoroethyl and the like.

The term “Het¹” alone or in combination, is defined as a saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic heterocycle having preferably 3 to 12 ring members, more preferably 5 to 10 ring members and more preferably 5 to 6 ring members, which contains one or more heteroatom ring members selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur and which is optionally substituted on one or more carbon atoms by alkyl, alkyloxy, halogen, hydroxy, oxo, optionally mono- or disubstituted amino, nitro, cyano, haloalkyl, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkyl, optionally mono- or disubstituted aminocarbonyl, methylthio, methylsulfonyl, aryl and a saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic heterocycle having 3 to 12 ring members which contains one or more heteroatom ring members selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur and whereby the optional substituents on any amino function are independently selected from alkyl, alkyloxy, Het², Het²alkyl, Het²oxy, Het²oxyalkyl, aryl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, aralkyl, alkyloxycarbonylamino, amino, and aminoalkyl whereby each of the amino groups may optionally be mono- or where possible di-substituted with alkyl.

The term “Het²” as a group or part of a group is defined as an aromatic monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic heterocycle having preferably 3 to 12 ring members, more preferably 5 to 10 ring members and more preferably 5 to 6 ring members, which contains one or more heteroatom ring members selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur and which is optionally substituted on one or more carbon atoms by alkyl, alkyloxy, halogen, hydroxy, optionally mono- or disubstituted amino, nitro, cyano, haloalkyl, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkyl, optionally mono- or disubstituted aminocarbonyl, methylthio, methylsulfonyl, aryl, Het¹ and an aromatic monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic heterocycle having 3 to 12 ring members; whereby the optional substituents on any amino function are independently selected from alkyl, alkyloxy, Het¹, Het¹alkyl, Het¹oxy, Het¹oxyalkyl, aryl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, aralkyl, alkyloxycarbonylamino, amino, and aminoalkyl whereby each of the amino groups may optionally be mono- or where possible di-substituted with alkyl.

The term “alkoxy” or “alkyloxy”, alone or in combination, means an alkyl ether radical wherein the term alkyl is as defined above. Examples of suitable alkyl ether radicals include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, hexanoxy and the like.

The term “arylthioalkoxy” means alkoxy as defined herein, wherein an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by an arylthio as defined herein. Examples of (arylthio) alkoxy radicals include 2-(phenylthio)-ethoxy, and the like.

The term “alkanoyl” or “alkylcarbonyl”, alone or in combination, means an acyl radical derived from an alkanecarboxylic acid, examples of which include acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, valeryl, 4-methylvaleryl, and the like.

The term “alkylamino” means an alkyl amine radical, wherein the term “alkyl” is defined as above. Examples of alkylamino radicals include methylamino (NHCH₃), ethylamino (NHCH₂CH₃), n-propylamino, isopropylamino, n-butylamino, isobutylamino, sec-butylamino-, tert-butylamino, n-hexylamino, and the like.

The term “alkylthio” means an alkyl thioether radical, wherein the term “alkyl” is defined as above. Examples of alkylthio radicals include methylthio (SCH₃), ethylthio (SCH₂CH₃), n-propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, isobutylthio, sec-butylthio, tert-butylthio, n-hexylthio, and the like.

The term “aminoalkanoyl” means an acyl group derived from an amino-substituted alkylcarboxylic acid wherein the amino group can be a primary, secondary or tertiary amino group containing substituents selected from alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl radicals and the like.

The term “aminocarbonyl” alone or in combination, means an amino-substituted carbonyl (carbamoyl) group wherein the amino group can be a primary, secondary or tertiary amino group containing substituents selected from alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl radicals and the like.

The term “aralkanoyl” means an acyl radical derived from an aryl-substituted alkanecarboxylic acid such as phenylacetyl, 3-phenylpropionyl (hydrocinnamoyl), 4-phenylbutyryl, (2-naphthyl)acetyl, 4-chlorohydrocinnamoyl, 4-aminohydrocinnamoyl, 4-methoxyhydrocinnamoyl, and the like.

The term “aralkoxy” means alkoxy as defined herein, wherein an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by an aryl as defined herein. Examples of aralkoxy radicals include 2-phenylethoxy, 2-phenyl-1-propoxy, and the like.

The term “aralkoxycarbonyl”, alone or in combination, means a radical of the formula aralkyl-O—C(O)— in which the term “aralkyl” has the significance given above. Examples of an aralkoxycarbonyl radical are benzyloxycarbonyl and 4-methoxyphenylmethoxycarbonyl.

The term “aralkylamino” means alkylamino as defined herein, wherein an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by an aryl as defined herein. Examples of aralkylamino radicals include 2-phenethylamino, 4-phenyl-n-butylamino, and the like.

The term “aralkylthio” means alkylthio as defined herein, wherein an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by an aryl as defined herein. Examples of aralkylthio radicals include 3-phenyl-2-propylthio, 2-(2-naphthyl)-ethylthio, and the like.

The term “aroyl” means an acyl radical derived from an arylcarboxylic acid, aryl having the meaning given above. Examples of such arylcarboxylic acid radicals include substituted and unsubstituted benzoic or naphthoic acid such as benzoyl, 4-chlorobenzoyl, 4-carboxybennzoyl, 4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)benzoyl, 1-naphthoyl, 2-naphthoyl, 6-carboxy-2 naphthoyl, 6-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2-naphthoyl, 3-benzyloxy-2-naphthoyl, 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoyl, 3-(benzyloxyformamidol-2-naphthoyl, and the like.

The term “arylaminoalkoxy” means alkoxy as defined herein, wherein an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by an arylamino as defined herein. Examples of (arylamino) alkoxy radicals include 2-(phenylamino)-ethoxy, 2-(2-naphthylamino)-1-butoxy, and the like.

The term “arylaminoalkyl” means alkyl as defined herein, wherein an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by an arylamino as defined herein. Examples of arylaminoalkyl radicals include phenylaminoethyl, 4-(3-methoxyphenylamino)-1-butyl, and the like.

The term “arylaminoalkylamino” means alkylamino as defined herein, wherein an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by an arylamino as defined herein. Examples of (arylamino) alkylamino radicals include 3-(naphthylamino)-propylamino, 4-(phenylamino)-1-butylamino, and the like.

The term “arylaminoalkylthio” means alkylthio as defined herein, wherein an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by an arylamino as defined herein. Examples of (arylamino) alkylthio radicals include 2-(phenylamino)-ethylthio, 3-(2-naphthylamino)-n-propylthio, and the like.

The term “aryloxy” means a radical of the formula aryl-O— in which the term aryl has the significance given above.

The term “aryloxyalkanoyl” means an acyl radical of the formula aryl-O-alkanoyl wherein aryl and alkanoyl have the meaning given above.

The term “aryloxyalkoxy” means alkoxy as defined herein, wherein an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by an aryloxy as defined herein. Examples of (aryloxy) alkoxy radicals include 2-phenoxyethoxy, 4-(3-aminophenoxy)-1-butoxy, and the like.

The term “aryloxyalkyl” means alkyl as defined herein, wherein an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by an aryloxy as defined herein. Examples of aryloxyalkyl radicals include phenoxyethyl, 4-(3-aminophenoxy)-1-butyl, and the like.

The term “aryloxyalkylamino” means alkylamino as defined herein, wherein an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by an aryloxy as defined herein. Examples of (aryloxy) alkylamino radicals include 3-phenoxy-npropylamino, 4-phenoxybutylamino, and the like.

The term “aryloxyalkylthio” means alkylthio as defined herein, wherein an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by an aryloxy as defined herein. Examples of (aryloxy) alkylthio radicals include 3-phenoxypropylthio, 4 (2-fluorophenoxy)-butylthio, and the like.

The term “arylthioalkylamino” means alkylamino as defined herein, wherein an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by an arylthio as defined herein. Examples of (arylthio) alkylamino radicals include 2-(phenylthio)-ethylamino, and the like.

The term “arylthioalkylthio” means alkylthio as defined herein, wherein an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by an arylthio as defined herein. Examples of (arylthio) alkylthio radicals include 2-(naphthylthio)-ethylthio, 3-(phenylthio)-propylthio, and the like.

The term “cycloalkylalkoxycarbonyl” means an acyl group derived from a cycloalkylalkoxycarboxylic acid of the formula cycloalkylalkyl-O—COOH wherein cycloalkylalkyl has the meaning given above.

The term “cycloalkylcarbonyl” means an acyl group derived from a monocyclic or bridged cycloalkanecarboxylic acid such as cyclopropylcarbonyl, cyclohexylcarbonyl, adamantylcarbonyl, and the like, or from a benz-fused monocyclic cycloalkanecarboxylic acid which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, hydroxy, amino, nitro, cyano, haloalkyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkanoylamino, amido, mono and dialkyl substituted amino, mono and dialkyl substituted amido and the like, such as 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthoyl, 2-acetamido-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthoyl.

The term “Het²alkoxy” means alkoxy as defined herein, wherein an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by a Het² as defined herein. Examples of Het²alkoxy radicals include 2-pyridylmethoxy, 4-(1-imidazolyl)-butoxy, and the like.

The term “Het²alkyl” means alkyl as defined herein, wherein an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by a Het² as defined herein. Examples of Het²alkyl radicals include 2-pyridylmethyl, 3-(4-thiazolyl)-propyl, and the like.

The term “Het²alkylamino” means alkylamino as defined herein, wherein an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by a Het² as defined herein. Examples of Het²alkylamino radicals include 4-pyridylmethylamino, 3 (2-furanyl)-propylamino, and the like.

The term “Het²alkylthio” means alkylthio as defined herein, wherein an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by a Het² as defined herein. Examples of Het²alkylthio radicals include 3-pyridylmethylthio, 3 (4-thiazolyl)-propylthio, and the like.

The term “Het²amino” means Het² as defined herein, wherein a hydrogen atom on the Het2 ring is replaced by a nitrogen. Het²amino radicals include, for example, 4-thiazolylamino, 2-pyridylamino, and the like.

The term “Het²oxy” means Het2 as defined herein, wherein a hydrogen atom on the Het² ring is replaced by an oxygen. Het²oxy radicals include, for example, 4-pyridyloxy, 5-quinolyloxy, and the like.

The term “Het²oxycarbonyl” means an acyl radical derived from a carbonic acid represented by Het²-O—COOH wherein Het² has the meaning given above.

The term “Het²thio” means Het² as defined herein, wherein a hydrogen atom on the Het² ring is replaced by a sulfur. Het²thio radicals include, for example, 3-pyridylthio, 3-quinolylthio, 4-imidazolylthio, and the like.

The term “Het¹alkanoyl” is an acyl radical derived from a Het¹-substituted alkylcarboxylic acid wherein Het¹ has the meaning given above.

The term “Het¹alkoxycarbonyl” means an acyl group derived from Het¹-O—COOH wherein Het¹ is as defined above.

As used herein before, the term “one or more” covers the possibility of all the available C-atoms, where appropriate, to be substituted, preferably, one, two or three. When any variable, e.g. halogen or alkyl, occurs more than one time in any constituent, each definition is independent.

Whenever used in the present invention the term “compounds of the invention” or “steroid compounds” or a similar term is meant to include the compounds of general formula IA and formula IB and any subgroup thereof. This term also refers to the compounds as depicted in Table A and their N-oxides, salts, stereoisomeric forms, racemic mixtures, pro-drugs, esters and metabolites, as well as their quaternized nitrogen analogues. The N-oxide forms of said compounds are meant to comprise compounds wherein one or several nitrogen atoms are oxidized to the so-called N-oxide.

The term “pro-drug” as used herein means the pharmacologically acceptable derivatives such as esters, amides and phosphates, such that the resulting in vivo biotransformation product of the derivative is the active drug. The reference by Goodman and Gilman (The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th Ed, McGraw-Hill, Int. Ed. 1992, “Biotransformation of Drugs”, p 13-15) describing pro-drugs generally is hereby incorporated. Pro-drugs of the compounds of the invention can be prepared by modifying functional groups present in said component in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent component. Typical examples of pro-drugs are described for instance in WO 99/33795, WO 99/33815, WO 99/33793 and WO 99/33792 all incorporated herein by reference. Pro-drugs are characterized by increased bio-availability and are readily metabolized into the active inhibitors in vivo.

The compounds according to the invention may also exist in their tautomeric forms. Such forms, although not explicitly indicated in the compounds described herein, are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.

The term “stereochemically isomeric forms of the analogues according to the invention”, as used herein, defines all possible compounds made up of the same atoms bonded by the same sequence of bonds but having different three-dimensional structures which are not interchangeable, which the compounds of the present invention may possess. Unless otherwise mentioned or indicated, the chemical designation of a compound herein encompasses the mixture of all possible stereochemically isomeric forms, which said compound may possess. Said mixture may contain all diastereomers and/or enantiomers of the basic molecular structure of said compound. All stereochemically isomeric forms of the compounds of the invention either in pure form or in admixture with each other are intended to fall within the scope of the present invention.

For therapeutic use, the salts of the compounds according to the invention are those wherein the counter-ion is pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable.

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds according to the invention, i.e. in the form of water-, oil-soluble, or dispersible products, include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts which are formed, e.g., from inorganic or organic acids or bases. Examples of such acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, thiocyanate, tosylate, and undecanoate. Base salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine salts, N-methyl-D-glucamine, and salts with amino acids such a sarginine, lysine, and so forth. Also, the basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl; and diamyl sulfates, long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides, aralkyl halides like benzyl and phenethyl-bromides and others. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the sulfate salt ethanolate and sulfate salts.

In an embodiment the present invention relates to a steroid compound of the formula IA or formula IB as indicated above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein X₁, X₂, R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from the group comprising oxo, hydrogen, hydroxyl, oxyalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxyalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkanoyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylalkanoyl, cycloalkylthiocarbonyl, cycloalkylalkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylalkoxythiocarbonyl, cycloalkylthioalkyl, alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, silyloxyalkyl, aralkyl, arylalkenyl, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylthiocarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, arylalkylthiocarbonyl, aryloxyalky, arylthioalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aralkanoyl, aroyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxyalkanoyl, carboxyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, Het¹, Het¹alkyl, Het¹oxyalkyl, Het¹aryl, Het¹aralkyl, Het¹cycloalkyl, Het¹alkoxycarbonyl, Het¹alkylthiocarbonyl, Het¹oxycarbonyl, Het¹thiocarbonyl, Het¹alkanoyl, Het¹aralkanoyl, Het¹aryloxyalkyl, Het¹alkyloxyalkyl, Het¹arylthioalkyl, Het¹aryloxycarbonyl, Het¹aralkoxycarbonyl, Het¹aroyl, Het¹oxyalkylcarbonyl, Het¹alkyloxyalkylcarbonyl, Het¹aryloxyalkylcarbonyl, Het¹carbonyloxyalkyl, Het¹alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, Het¹aralkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, Het²alkyl, Het²oxyalkyl, Het²alkyloxyalkyl, Het²aralkyl, Het²carbonyl, Het²oxycarbonyl, Het²thiocarbonyl, Het²alkanoyl, Het²alkylthiocarbonyl, Het²alkoxycarbonyl, Het²aralkanoyl, Het²aralkoxycarbonyl, Het²aryloxycarbonyl, Het²aroyl, Het²aryloxyalkyl, Het²arylthioalkyl, Het²oxyalkylcarbonyl, Het²alkyloxyalkylcarbonyl, Het²aryloxyalkylcarbonyl, Het²carbonyloxyalkyl, Het²alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, Het²aralkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, cyano, CR³═NR⁴, CR³═N(OR⁴), aminocarbonyl, aminoalkanoyl, aminoalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group comprising alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, aminocarbonyl, mono- or di(alkyl)aminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylS(═O)_(t), hydroxy, cyano, halogen or amino optionally mono- or disubstituted wherein the substituents are independently selected from the group comprising alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aryloxy, arylamino, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, aralkoxy, alkylthio, alkoxy, aryloxyalkoxy, aylaminoalkoxy, aralkylamino, aryloxyalkylamino, arylaminoalkylamino, arylthioalkoxy, arylthioalkylamino, aralkylthio, aryloxyalkylthio, arylaminoalkylthio, arylthioalkylthio, alkylamino, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, Het¹, Het², Het¹alkyl, Het²alkyl, Het¹amino, Het²amino, Het¹alkylamino, Het²alkylamino, Het¹thio, Het²thio, Het¹alkylthio, Het²alkylthio, Het¹oxy and Het²oxy, OR³, SR³, SO₂NR³R⁴, SO₂N(OH)R³, CN, CR³═NR⁴, S(O)R³, SO₂R³, CR³═N(OR⁴), N₃, NO₂, NR³R⁴, N(OH)R³, C(O)R³, C(S)R³, CO₂R³, C(O)SR³, C(O)NR³R⁴, C(S)NR³R⁴, C(O)N(OH)R⁴, C(S)N(OH)R³, NR³C(O)R⁴, NR³C(S)R⁴, N(OH)C(O)R⁴, N(OH)C(S)R³, NR³CO₂R⁴, NR³C(O)NR⁴R⁵, and NR³C(S)NR⁴R⁵, N(OH)CO₂R³, NR³C(O)SR₄, N(OH)C(O)NR³R⁴, N(OH)C(S)NR³R⁴, NR³C(O)N(OH)R⁴, NR³C(S)N(OH)R⁴, NR₃SO₂R⁴, NHSO₂NR³R⁴, NR³SO₂NHR⁴, P(O)(OR³)(OR⁴), wherein t is an integer between 1 and 2 and R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently selected from the group comprising hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aminoalkyl, aminoaryl, alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino alkylthiocarbonylamino and arylthiocarbonylamino;

wherein X₃ participates together with X₃′ to an oxo functional group, or wherein X₃ is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, hydroxyl, sulfur, oxyalkyl, oxycarbonyl, alkyl, Het¹alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aminoalkyl, aminoacyl, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylthiocarbonylamino, Het¹, glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, ribosyl, ribulosyl, xylulosyl, erythrosyl, erythrulosyl, rhamnosyl, threosyl, sorbosyl, psicosyl, tagatosyl, fucosyl, arabinosyl, xylofuranosyl, lyxosyl, talosyl, psicosyl, idosyl, gulosyl, altrosyl, allosyl, mannoheptulosyl, sedoheptulosyl, abequosyl, isomaltosyl, kojibiosyl, laminarabiosyl, nigerosyl, primeverosyl, rutinosyl, tyvelosyl, maltosyl, lactosyl, sucrosyl, cellobiosyl, trehalosyl, gentiobiosyl, melibiosyl, turanosyl, sophorosyl, isosucrosyl, raffinosyl, gentianosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy mannosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-mannosyl, 2-amino-1,3-cyclohexanediol, L or D isomers thereof, α or β form thereof, pyranose or furanose form thereof, combination thereof, deoxy derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected acetate derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, thio derivatives thereof, di-, tri-, oligo- and polysaccharide thereof; alkyloxycarbonyl, optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group comprising alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl and aminocarbonyl; and X₃′ is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, Het¹, glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, ribosyl, ribulosyl, xylulosyl, erythrosyl, erythrulosyl, rhamnosyl, threosyl, sorbosyl, psicosyl, tagatosyl, fucosyl, arabinosyl, xylofuranosyl, lyxosyl, talosyl, psicosyl, idosyl, gulosyl, altrosyl, allosyl, mannoheptulosyl, sedoheptulosyl, abequosyl, isomaltosyl, kojibiosyl, laminarabiosyl, nigerosyl, primeverosyl, rutinosyl, tyvelosyl, maltosyl, lactosyl, sucrosyl, cellobiosyl, trehalosyl, gentiobiosyl, melibiosyl, turanosyl, sophorosyl, isosucrosyl, raffinosyl, gentianosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy mannosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-mannosyl, 2-amino-1,3-cyclohexanediol, L or D isomers thereof, α or β form thereof, pyranose or furanose form thereof, combination thereof, deoxy derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected acetate derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, thio derivatives thereof, di-, tri-, oligo- and polysaccharide thereof; aralkyl, and optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group comprising alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, aminocarbonyl, mono- or di(alkyl)aminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylS(═O)_(t), hydroxy, cyano, halogen or amino optionally mono- or disubstituted wherein the substituents are independently selected from the group comprising alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aryloxy, arylamino, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, aralkoxy, alkylthio, alkoxy, aryloxyalkoxy, aylaminoalkoxy, aralkylamino, aryloxyalkylamino, arylaminoalkylamino, arylthioalkoxy, arylthioalkylamino, aralkylthio, aryloxyalkylthio, arylaminoalkylthio, arylthioalkylthio, alkylamino, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl;

wherein X₄ and X₇ are independently selected from the group comprising hydrogen, oxygen, halogen, oxo, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, Het¹, glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, ribosyl, ribulosyl, xylulosyl, erythrosyl, erythrulosyl, rhamnosyl, threosyl, sorbosyl, psicosyl, tagatosyl, fucosyl, arabinosyl, xylofuranosyl, lyxosyl, talosyl, psicosyl, idosyl, gulosyl, altrosyl, allosyl, mannoheptulosyl, sedoheptulosyl, abequosyl, isomaltosyl, kojibiosyl, laminarabiosyl, nigerosyl, primeverosyl, rutinosyl, tyvelosyl, maltosyl, lactosyl, sucrosyl, cellobiosyl, trehalosyl, gentiobiosyl, melibiosyl, turanosyl, sophorosyl, isosucrosyl, raffinosyl, gentianosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy mannosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-mannosyl, 2-amino-1,3-cyclohexanediol, L or D isomers thereof, α or β form thereof, pyranose or furanose form thereof, combination thereof, deoxy derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected acetate derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, thio derivatives thereof, di-, tri-, oligo- and polysaccharide thereof; Het¹alkyl, Het¹aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, hydroxycarbonylaryl, hydroxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and hydroxycarbonyloxyaryl; aminocarbonyl, mono- or di(alkyl)aminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylS(═O)_(t), hydroxy, aminoalkyl, aminoaryl, cyano, halogen or amino optionally mono- or disubstituted wherein the substituents are independently selected from the group comprising alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aryloxy, arylamino, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, aralkoxy, alkylthio, alkoxy, aryloxyalkoxy, aylaminoalkoxy, aralkylamino, aryloxyalkylamino, arylaminoalkylamino, arylthioalkoxy, arylthioalkylamino, aralkylthio, aryloxyalkylthio, arylaminoalkylthio, arylthioalkylthio, alkylamino, Het¹, Het², alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, aminocarbonyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl;

wherein X₅ participates to a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 4 and 5 or between carbon atoms in positions 5 and 6, and X₆ is independently selected from the group comprising hydrogen, hydroxyl and hydroxyalkyl, or

wherein X₅ and X₆ are independently selected from the group comprising halogen hydrogen, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, aminoaryl, optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group comprising alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, aminocarbonyl, and

wherein n is an integer between 0 and 10,

provided that when X₆ and X₄ are H, when X₅ participates to a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 5 and 6, when X₃ participates together with X₃′ to an oxo functional group, when n is zero and X₁, X₂, R₁ and R₂ are H, X₇ is not hydroxyl.

In a preferred embodiment the present invention relates to a steroid compound of the formula IA or formula IB as indicated above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein X₁, X₂, R₁ and R₂ is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, hydroxyl, oxyalkyl, oxo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxyalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkanoyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylalkanoyl, cycloalkylthiocarbonyl, cycloalkylalkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylalkoxythiocarbonyl, cycloalkylthioalkyl, alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, silyloxyalkyl, aralkyl, arylalkenyl, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylthiocarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, arylalkylthiocarbonyl, aryloxyalky, arylthioalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aralkanoyl, aroyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxyalkanoyl, carboxyl, alkenylcarbonyl and alkynylcarbonyl;

wherein X₃ participates together with X₃′ to an oxo functional group, or wherein X₃ is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, hydroxyl, sulfur, oxyalkyl, oxycarbonyl alkyl, Het¹alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aminoalkyl, aminoacyl, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylthiocarbonylamino, Het¹, glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, ribosyl, ribulosyl, xylulosyl, erythrosyl, erythrulosyl, rhamnosyl, threosyl, sorbosyl, psicosyl, tagatosyl, fucosyl, arabinosyl, xylofuranosyl, lyxosyl, talosyl, psicosyl, idosyl, gulosyl, altrosyl, allosyl, mannoheptulosyl, sedoheptulosyl, abequosyl, isomaltosyl, kojibiosyl, laminarabiosyl, nigerosyl, primeverosyl, rutinosyl, tyvelosyl, maltosyl, lactosyl, sucrosyl, cellobiosyl, trehalosyl, gentiobiosyl, melibiosyl, turanosyl, sophorosyl, isosucrosyl, raffinosyl, gentianosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy mannosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-mannosyl, 2-amino-1,3-cyclohexanediol, L or D isomers thereof, α or β form thereof, pyranose or furanose form thereof, combination thereof, deoxy derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected acetate derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, thio derivatives thereof, disaccharide thereof, trisaccharide thereof, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide thereof, alkyloxycarbonyl optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group comprising alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl and aminocarbonyl; and X₃′ is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, Het¹, glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, ribosyl, ribulosyl, xylulosyl, erythrosyl, erythrulosyl, rhamnosyl, threosyl, sorbosyl, psicosyl, tagatosyl, fucosyl, arabinosyl, xylofuranosyl, lyxosyl, talosyl, psicosyl, idosyl, gulosyl, altrosyl, allosyl, mannoheptulosyl, sedoheptulosyl, abequosyl, isomaltosyl, kojibiosyl, laminarabiosyl, nigerosyl, primeverosyl, rutinosyl, tyvelosyl, maltosyl, lactosyl, sucrosyl, cellobiosyl, trehalosyl, gentiobiosyl, melibiosyl, turanosyl, sophorosyl, isosucrosyl, raffinosyl, gentianosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-lucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy mannosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-mannosyl, 2-amino-1,3-cyclohexanediol, L or D isomers thereof, α or β form thereof, pyranose or furanose form thereof, combination thereof, deoxy derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected acetate derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, thio derivatives thereof, disaccharide thereof, trisaccharide thereof, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide thereof;

wherein X₄ and X₇ are independently selected from the group comprising hydrogen, oxygen, oxo, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het¹alkyl, Het¹aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, hydroxycarbonylaryl, hydroxycarbonyloxyalkyl, glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, ribosyl, ribulosyl, xylulosyl, erythrosyl, erythrulosyl, rhamnosyl, threosyl, sorbosyl, psicosyl, tagatosyl, fucosyl, arabinosyl, xylofuranosyl, lyxosyl, talosyl, psicosyl, idosyl, gulosyl, altrosyl, allosyl, mannoheptulosyl, sedoheptulosyl, abequosyl, isomaltosyl, kojibiosyl, laminarabiosyl, nigerosyl, primeverosyl, rutinosyl, tyvelosyl, maltosyl, lactosyl, sucrosyl, cellobiosyl, trehalosyl, gentiobiosyl, melibiosyl, turanosyl, sophorosyl, isosucrosyl, raffinosyl, gentianosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy mannosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-mannosyl, 2-amino-1,3-cyclohexanediol, L or D isomers thereof, α or β form thereof, pyranose or furanose form thereof, combination thereof, deoxy derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected acetate derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, thio derivatives thereof, disaccharide thereof, trisaccharide thereof, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide thereof;

wherein X₅ participates to a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 4 and 5 or between carbon atoms in position 5 and 6, and X₆ is independently selected from the group comprising hydrogen, hydroxyl, and hydroxyalkyl, or wherein X₅ and X₆ are independently selected from the group comprising hydrogen, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, aminoaryl, optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group comprising alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, aminocarbonyl, and

wherein n is an integer between 0 and 5,

provided that when X₆ and X₄ are H, when X₅ participates to a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 5 and 6, when X₃ participates together with X₃′ to an oxo functional group, when n is zero and X₁, X₂, R₁ and R₂ are H, X₇ is not hydroxyl.

In a more preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a steroid compound of the formula IA or formula IB as indicated above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein X₁, X₂, R₁ and R₂ is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyloxy, oxo and oxyalkyl,

wherein X₃ participates together with X₃′ to an oxo functional group, or wherein X₃ is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, hydroxyl, oxyalkyl, oxycarbonyl, glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, ribosyl, ribulosyl, xylulosyl, erythrosyl, erythrulosyl, rhamnosyl, threosyl, sorbosyl, psicosyl, tagatosyl, fucosyl, arabinosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy mannosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-mannosyl, L or D isomers thereof, a or P form thereof, pyranose or furanose form thereof, combination thereof, deoxy derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected acetate derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, thio derivatives thereof, disaccharide thereof, trisaccharide thereof, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide thereof; and X′₃ is selected from the group comprising alkyl, aryl and aralkyl, glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, ribosyl, ribulosyl, xylulosyl, erythrosyl, erythrulosyl, rhamnosyl, threosyl, sorbosyl, psicosyl, tagatosyl, fucosyl, arabinosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy mannosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-mannosyl, L or D isomers thereof, α or β form thereof, pyranose or furanose form thereof, combination thereof, deoxy derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected acetate derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, thio derivatives thereof, disaccharide thereof, trisaccharide thereof, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide thereof;

wherein X₄ and X₇ are independently selected from the group comprising hydrogen, oxygen, oxo, hydroxyl, glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, ribosyl, ribulosyl, xylulosyl, erythrosyl, erythrulosyl, rhamnosyl, threosyl, sorbosyl, psicosyl, tagatosyl, fucosyl, arabinosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy mannosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-mannosyl, L or D isomers thereof, α or β form thereof, pyranose or furanose form thereof, combination thereof, deoxy derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected acetate derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, thio derivatives thereof, disaccharide thereof, trisaccharide thereof, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide thereof;

wherein X₅ and X₆ are hydrogen or wherein X₅ participates to a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 4 and 5, and X₆ is hydrogen, and

wherein n is an integer between 0 and 2,

provided that when X₆ and X₄ are H, when X participates to a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 5 and 6, when X₃ participates together with X₃′ to an oxo functional group, when n is zero and X₁, X₂, R₁ and R₂ are H, X₇ is not hydroxyl.

In an even more preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a steroid compound of the formula IA or formula IB as indicated above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, X₃′, X₆, X₇, R₁, R₂ and n are selected from the group indicated as above, and

wherein X₄ is equal to X₆ and is selected from the group comprising halogen, aminoalkyl, aminoaryl, optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group comprising alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl and aminocarbonyl, or wherein X₅ participates to a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 5 and 6, and X₄ is independently selected from the group comprising hydrogen, aminoalkyl, aminoaryl, optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group comprising alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl and aminocarbonyl.

In yet another embodiment, the invention relates to a compound having the formula IA or IB as indicated above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, X₃′, X₆, X₇, R₁, R₂ and n are selected from the group indicated in claims 1 to 4; and wherein X₅ may form with X₆ a single bond when X₅ or X₆ represents an oxygen atom thereby forming an —O— functional group.

Particularly preferred compound according to the invention is a compound having the formula IA as indicated above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X₁ and X₂ are —OMe, wherein R₁ and R₂ are —H, wherein X₃ is —OH, wherein X₄ is hydrogen, wherein X₅ participates to a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 5 and 6, wherein X₆ is —H, wherein X₇ is hydroxyl and wherein n is 0.

Yet another particularly preferred compound according to the invention is a compound having the formula IA as indicated above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X₁ and X₂ are —OMe, wherein R₁ and R₂ are —H, wherein X₄ and X₇ are oxo, wherein X₃ is —OH, wherein X₅ participates to a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 4 and 5, wherein X₆ is hydrogen, and wherein n is 0.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound according to the invention is a compound having the formula IB as indicated above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X₁ and X₂ are —OMe, wherein R₁ and R₂ are —H, wherein X₄ and X₇ are oxo, wherein X₃ participates together with X₃′ to an oxo functional group, wherein X₅ participates to a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 4 and 5, wherein X₆ is hydrogen, and wherein n is 0.

Another particularly preferred compound according to the invention is a compound having the formula IB as indicated above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X₁ and X₂ are —OMe, wherein R₁ and R₂ are —H, wherein X₃ is glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, fucosyl, cellobiosyl, gentiobiosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, a disaccharide or a trisaccharide thereof, wherein X₃′ is hydrogen, alkyl or aralkyl, wherein X₄ is hydrogen, wherein X₅ participates to a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 5 and 6, wherein X₆ is —H, wherein X₇ is hydrogen, oxygen, hydroxyl or oxo, and wherein n is 0.

Another particularly preferred compound according to the invention is a compound having the formula IB as indicated above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X₁ and X₂ are —OMe, wherein R₁ and R₂ are —H, wherein X₃ is hydrogen, hydroxyl, oxyalkyl or oxycarbonyl, wherein X₃′ is glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, fucosyl, cellobiosyl, gentiobiosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, a disaccharide or a trisaccharide thereof, wherein X₄ is hydrogen, wherein X₅ participates to a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 5 and 6, wherein X₆ is —H, wherein X₇ is hydrogen, oxygen, hydroxyl or oxo, and wherein n is 0.

Another particularly preferred compound according to the invention is a compound having the formula IB as indicated above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X₁ and X₂ are —OMe, wherein R₁ and R₂ are —H, wherein X₃ participates together with X₃′ to an oxo functional group, wherein X₄ is hydroxyl, glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, fucosyl, cellobiosyl, gentiobiosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, a disaccharide or a trisaccharide thereof, wherein X₅ participates to a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 5 and 6, wherein X₆ is —H, wherein X₇ is hydrogen, oxygen, hydroxyl or oxo, and wherein n is 0.

Another particularly preferred compound according to the invention is a compound having the formula IB as indicated above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X₁ and X₂ are —OMe, wherein R₁ and R₂ are —H, wherein X₃ participates together with X₃′ to an oxo functional group, wherein X₄ is hydrogen, wherein X₅ participates to a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 5 and 6, wherein X₆ is —H, wherein X₇ is hydroxyl, glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, fucosyl, cellobiosyl, gentiobiosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, a disaccharide or a trisaccharide thereof; and wherein n is 0.

The compounds according to the invention show cytotoxic activities, which implies that they may be used in various medical applications. As is demonstrated in the examples provided below, the compounds according to the invention have in vitro anti-tumor activity.

Furthermore, the compounds according to the invention exhibit a low toxicity level. The terms “toxicity” or “toxic effects” as used herein refer to the detrimental effect(s) a compound may have on healthy cells, tissues or organs. The toxicity level of the compounds according to the invention is surprisingly low. The compounds according to the invention combine the essential features of a good anti-tumor activity and a low level of toxicity. Consequently the compounds according to the invention may be used in pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of various diseases. In addition, because they have a low level of toxicity the compounds according to the invention may be used during longer periods of treatments.

In addition, the compounds according to the invention also have a show an anti-migratory effect. The compounds according to the invention have the ability to stop the migration of cells away from the neoplastic tumor tissue and thus enable to reduce the colonization of new tissues by these cells.

Method of Preparation

In another embodiment, the present invention relates to methods for preparing the compounds according to the invention. FIG. 1 represents a scheme of the methods of preparation according to the invention.

Formula IA

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method for synthesizing a compound having the structural formula IA,

wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, X₄, X₅, X₆, X₇, R₁, R₂ and n are selected from the group as indicated above, said method comprising the steps of

a) providing a starting material having the structural formula IV,

wherein X₃, X₃′ and X₇ are selected from the group as indicated above, and wherein preferably X₃ participates together with X₃′ to an oxo functional group and wherein P is a protecting group selected from the group comprising alkyl aryl silane, alkyl silane, carbonylalkylaryl, and wherein P preferably is t-butyl diphenyl silane,

b) hydrogenating the compound of step a) thereby obtaining a compound having the structural formula III′A

wherein X₃, X₃′ and X₇ are selected from the group as indicated above, and wherein X₃ and X₃′ preferably form oxo, and wherein P is a protecting group as indicated above,

c) effecting reaction between the compound of step b) with an organometallic compound having the structural formula V

wherein X₁, X₂, R₁, R₂ and n are selected from the group as indicated above, wherein W is a metal or a combination of metals selected from the group comprising magnesium and copper and wherein Hal is a halogen atom, preferably selected from the group comprising bromine, chlorine and iodine,

to result in an intermediate having the structural formula IIIA

wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, X₇, R₁, R₂ and n are selected from the group as indicated above, and wherein P is a protecting group as indicated above,

d) deprotecting the X₇ group of the compound obtained in step c) to form an intermediate having the structural formula IIA

wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, X₇, R₁, R₂ and n are selected from the group as indicated above, and

e) oxidizing by reaction with a suitable oxidizing agent or agents to form a compound of formula IA.

Formula IB

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for synthesizing a compound having the structural formula IB

wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, X₃′, X₄, X₅, X₆, X₇, R₁, R₂ and n are selected from the group as indicated above, said method comprising the steps of

a) providing a starting material having the structural formula IV,

wherein X₃, X₃′ and X₇ are selected from the group as indicated above, and wherein X₃ and X₃′ preferably form oxo, and wherein P is a protecting group selected from the group comprising alkyl aryl silane, alkyl silane and carbonylalkylaryl, and wherein P preferably is t-butyl diphenyl silane,

b) effecting reaction between the compound of step a) with an organometallic compound having the structural formula V

wherein X₁, X₂, R₁, R₂ and n are selected from the group as indicated above, wherein W is a metal or a combination of metals selected from the group comprising magnesium and copper and wherein Hal is a halogen atom, and preferably selected from the group comprising bromine, chlorine and iodine,

to result in an intermediate having the structural formula III′B

wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, X₃′, X₇ R₁, R₂ and n are selected from the group as indicated above, and wherein preferably X₃ participates together with X₃′ to an oxo functional group, wherein P is a protecting group as indicated above,

c) effecting reaction between the compound of step b) with an organometallic compound having the structural formula VI Hal-W-X′₃  formula VI wherein X′₃ is selected from the group as indicated above, wherein W is a metal or a combination of metals selected from the group comprising magnesium and copper, and wherein Hal is a halogen atom, preferably selected from the group comprising bromine, chlorine and iodine,

to result in an intermediate having the structural formula IIIB

wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, X′₃ X₇, R₁, R₂ and n are selected from the group as indicated above, wherein p is a protecting group, and wherein X′₃ is selected from the group as indicated above,

d) deprotecting the X₇ group of the compound obtained in step c) to form an compound having the structural formula IIB

wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, X′₃, X₇, R₁, R₂ and n are selected from the group as indicated above, and

e) oxidizing by reaction with a suitable oxidizing agent or agents to form a compound of formula IB

or

e) coupling an O-protected glycosyl or non-protected glycosyl to form a compound of formula IIB wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, X′₃, X₇, R₁, R₂ and n are selected from the group as indicated above and X₇ is an O-protected glycosyl or a non-protected glycosyl, and

f) deprotecting the O-protected groups of glycosyl to form the compound having the formula IB wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, X′₃, X₄, X₅, X₆, R₁, R₂ and n are selected from the group as indicated above, and X₇ is a glycosyl, thio derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected derivatives thereof.

In another embodiment of the present invention, step (c) consists of reacting the compound of step b) with an O-protected glycosyl or non-protected glycosyl to result in an intermediate having the structural formula IIIB wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, X₇, R₁, R₂ and n are selected from the group as indicated above, wherein P is a protecting group, and wherein X′₃ is an O-protected glycosyl or a non protected glycosyl. The reaction may then proceed with steps (d) and eventually (e) as described above.

Protected forms of the inventive compounds are included within the scope of the present invention. A variety of protecting groups are disclosed, for example, in T. H. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. For example, hydroxy protected forms of the inventive compounds are those where at least one of the hydroxyl groups is protected by a hydroxy protecting group. Illustrative hydroxyl protecting groups include but not limited to tetrahydropyranyl; benzyl; methylthiomethyl; ethylthiomethyl; pivaloyl; phenylsulfonyl; triphenylmethyl; trisubstituted silyl such as trimethyl silyl, triethylsilyl, tributylsilyl, tri-isopropylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, tri-t-butylsilyl, methyldiphenylsilyl, ethyldiphenylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl and the like; acyl and aroyl such as acetyl, pivaloylbenzoyl, 4-methoxybenzoyl, 4-nitrobenzoyl and aliphatic acylaryl and the like. Keto groups in the inventive compounds may similarly be protected.

The steroid compounds according to the present invention are prepared using an enone as the starting compound. These enones, having general formula IV, can be synthesised according to the procedure described in Tetrahedron, 1993, 49(23), 5079-5090. The derivatives represented by formula V or formula VI are prepared either from corresponding commercially available halides or by known methods as described for instance in Tetrahedron, 1982, 3555-3561. Example 2 provided below illustrates the preparation of several different steroid compounds according to the invention

In another embodiment, the present invention also relates to a compound, which is obtained by any of the steps according to the above-described methods for synthesis of a compound of formula IA or IB. A number of these compounds identified herein as intermediates also find utility as pharmaceutical agents. Certain intermediate compounds obtained in any of the above-described steps of the synthesis methods may be useful in the treatment disorders, in particular cancers.

Uses of the Compounds According to the Invention

An important feature attributed to the compounds according to the invention is their broad application possibility. The compounds according to the invention exhibit anti-tumor activity on a broad panel of histological tumor types. As will be shown in the examples described below, the compounds according to the invention exert significant anti-tumor effects on several tumor models tested, including glioma, colon, lung and bladder cancer (see e.g. example 3).

In addition, the compounds according to the invention also exhibit anti-migratory effect on cancer cells, as illustrated in example 4 provided below.

When a malignant tumour has reached a certain size, tumour cells move away from the initial tumour site and start to migrate. The actin cytoskeleton, tubulin and adhesion molecules linking the constituents of extracellular matrix to intracellular actin cytoskeleton are central to locomotion. The extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin, laminin and collagen are recognized by endogenous lectins which specifically bind to various sugar moieties (β-galactoside, fucose, manose, etc) present in said proteins. For example, the selectins and their ligands (fucose-related Lewis antigens) play critical roles in the invasion processes of various types of cancers (including those of the stomach, lung and melanomas) towards the liver. Various Lewis antigen types also exert significant roles in neoangiogenesis processes. This selectin/Lewis antigen system therefore represents new potential therapeutic targets in cancer field. For example, an increased expression of sialyl Lewis antigen correlates with poor survival in patients with colorectal carcinoma (Nakamori et al, 1993), an increased expression of Lewis^(x) antigen correlates with metastatic potential and poor prognostic in patients with gastric carcinoma (Mayer et al, 1996). Some of the compounds of the invention are believed to bind to the selectin of tumour cells thereby preventing said cells to migrate to site comprising the Lewis antigen. Other compounds of the invention are believed to bind to other lectins, including for example galectins or manose binding proteins.

Due to these interesting properties; in particular the anti-tumor activity, the anti-migratory effect and the low level of toxicity, the steroid compounds according to the invention are particularly suitable for use as a medicament in the treatment of diseases associated with cell proliferation and cell migration, and even in particular in the treatment of cancer. Therefore, in another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds according to the invention for use as a medicament. In yet another embodiment, the invention provides compounds for use in the preparation of a medicament for treating cancer.

The term “diseases associated with cell proliferation and cell migration” as used herein refers to, but is not limited to, any type of cancer or condition involving cell proliferation and cell migration, including for example chronic inflammation and restenosis in cardiovascular disease. The compounds of the invention may be especially used in the treatment of cancers such as but not limited to leukemia, non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, CNS cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, renal cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, glioma, colon cancer, bladder cancer, sarcoma, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer, liver cancer and hematological cancer and lymphoma.

In addition, the compounds according to the invention may also be very suitable in the treatment of scar tissue and wounds. It is believed that most, if not all, of the compounds of the present invention can act as active ingredients in treating scar tissue and in promoting wound healing and tissue regeneration.

Pharmaceutical Compositions Comprising the Steroid Compounds

In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a therapeutic amount of a compound according to the invention.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein means that amount of active compound or component or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease being treated.

The pharmaceutical composition can be prepared in a manner known per se to one of skill in the art. For this purpose, at least one compound having formula IA or IB, one or more solid or liquid pharmaceutical excipients and, if desired, in combination with other pharmaceutical active compounds, are brought into a suitable administration form or dosage form which can then be used as a pharmaceutical in human medicine or veterinary medicine.

Particular forms of the pharmaceutical composition may be, for example, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, creams, tablets, capsules, nasal sprays, liposomes or micro-reservoirs, especially compositions in orally ingestible or sterile injectable form, for example, as sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions or suppositories. The preferred form of composition contemplated is the dry solid form, which includes capsules, granules, tablets, pills, boluses and powders. The solid carrier may comprise one or more excipients, e.g. lactose, fillers, disintegrating agents, binders, e.g. cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose or starch or anti-stick agents, e.g. magnesium stearate, to prevent tablets from adhering to tabletting equipment. Tablets, pills and boluses may be formed so as to disintegrate rapidly or to provide slow release of the active ingredient.

In order to enhance the solubility and/or the stability of the compounds of a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention, it can be advantageous to employ α-, β- or γ-cyclodextrins or their derivatives. In addition, co-solvents such as alcohols may improve the solubility and/or the stability of the compounds. In the preparation of aqueous compositions, addition of salts of the compounds of the invention are obviously more suitable due to their increased water solubility.

Appropriate cyclodextrins are α-, β- or γ-cyclodextrins (CDs) or ethers and mixed ethers thereof wherein one or more of the hydroxy groups of the anhydroglucose units of the cyclodextrin are substituted with alkyl, particularly methyl, ethyl or isopropyl, e.g. randomly methylated β-CD; hydroxyalkyl, particularly hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl or hydroxybutyl; carboxyalkyl, particularly carboxymethyl or carboxyethyl; alkylcarbonyl, particularly acetyl; alkyloxycarbonylalkyl or carboxyalkyloxyalkyl, particularly carboxymethoxypropyl or carboxyethoxypropyl; alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, particularly 2-acetyloxypropyl. Especially noteworthy as complexants and/or solubilizers are β-CD, randomly methylated β-CD, 2,6-dimethyl- β-CD, 2-hydroxyethyl-β-CD, 2-hydroxyethyl-γ-CD, 2-hydroxypropyl-γ-CD and (2-carboxymethoxy)propyl-β-CD, and in particular 2-hydroxypropyl-β-CD (2-HP-β-CD). The term mixed ether denotes cyclodextrin derivatives wherein at least two cyclodextrin hydroxy groups are etherified with different groups such as, for example, hydroxypropyl and hydroxyethyl. An interesting way of formulating the analogues in combination with a cyclodextrin or a derivative thereof has been described in EP-A-721,331. Although the formulations described therein are with antifungal active ingredients, they are equally interesting for formulating the analogues. Said formulations may also be rendered more palatable by adding pharmaceutically acceptable sweeteners and/or flavors.

More in particular, the compositions may be formulated in a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a therapeutically effective amount of particles consisting of a solid dispersion of the compounds of the invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable water-soluble polymers.

The term “a solid dispersion” defines a system in a solid state (as opposed to a liquid or gaseous state) comprising at least two components, wherein one component is dispersed more or less evenly throughout the other component or components. When said dispersion of the components is such that the system is chemically and physically uniform or homogenous throughout or consists of one phase as defined in thermodynamics, such a solid dispersion is referred to as “a solid solution”. Solid solutions are preferred physical systems because the components therein are usually readily bioavailable to the organisms to which they are administered. The term “a solid dispersion” also comprises dispersions that are less homogenous throughout than solid solutions. Such dispersions are not chemically and physically uniform throughout or comprise more than one phase.

The water-soluble polymer is conveniently a polymer that has an apparent viscosity of 1 to 100 mPa·s when dissolved in a 2% aqueous solution at 20° C. solution. Preferred water-soluble polymers are hydroxypropyl methylcelluloses or HPMC. HPMC having a methoxy degree of substitution from about 0.8 to about 2.5 and a hydroxypropyl molar substitution from about 0.05 to about 3.0 are generally water soluble. Methoxy degree of substitution refers to the average number of methyl ether groups present per anhydroglucose unit of the cellulose molecule. Hydroxy-propyl molar substitution refers to the average number of moles of propylene oxide which have reacted with each anhydroglucose unit of the cellulose molecule. Various techniques exist for preparing solid dispersions including melt-extrusion, spray-drying and solution-evaporation, melt-extrusion being preferred.

It may further be convenient to formulate the analogues in the form of nanoparticles which have a surface modifier adsorbed on the surface thereof in an amount sufficient to maintain an effective average particle size of less than 1000 nm. Suitable surface modifiers can preferably be selected from known organic and inorganic pharmaceutical excipients. Such excipients include various polymers, low molecular weight oligomers, natural products and surfactants. Preferred surface modifiers include nonionic and anionic surfactants.

Yet another interesting way of formulating the compounds according to the invention involves a pharmaceutical composition whereby the compounds are incorporated in hydrophilic polymers and applying this mixture as a coat film over many small beads, thus yielding a composition with good bio-availability which can conveniently be manufactured and which is suitable for preparing pharmaceutical dosage forms for oral administration. Said beads comprise (a) a central, rounded or spherical core, (b) a coating film of a hydrophilic polymer and an antiretroviral agent and (c) a seal-coating polymer layer. Materials suitable for use as cores in the beads are manifold, provided that said materials are pharmaceutically acceptable and have appropriate dimensions and firmness. Examples of such materials are polymers, inorganic substances, organic substances, and saccharides and derivatives thereof.

Methods of Treatment

As indicated above, due to their favourable anti-tumor properties of the compounds according to the present invention are particularly useful in the treatment of individuals suffering from cancer. Therefore, in another embodiment, the present invention also relates to the use of the steroid compounds according to the invention or to a pharmaceutical composition comprising said steroid compounds in the treatment of cancer. A method of treating cancer comprises administering to an individual in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical composition comprising the steroid compounds according to the invention.

For these purposes, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally, i.e. including subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal injection or infusion techniques, by inhalation spray, or rectally, in dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles.

In accordance with the method of the present invention, said pharmaceutical composition can be administered separately at different times during the course of therapy or concurrently in divided or single combination forms. The present invention is therefore to be understood as embracing all such regimes of simultaneous or alternating treatment and the term “administering” is to be interpreted accordingly.

Essentially, the primary modes of treatment of solid tumor cancers comprise surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy, separately and in combination. The compounds according to the invention are suitable for use in combination with these medicinal techniques. The compounds of the invention may be useful in increasing the sensitivity of tumor cells to radiation in radiotherapy and also in potentiating or enhancing damage to tumors by chemotherapeutic agents. The compounds and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts may also be useful for sensitising multidrug-resistant tumor cells. The compounds according to the invention are useful therapeutic compounds for administration in conjunction with other DNA-damaging cytotoxic drugs or radiation used in radiotherapy to potentiate their effect.

;In another embodiment of the method of the invention, the administration may be performed with food, e.g., a high-fat meal. The term ‘with food’ means the consumption of a meal either during or no more than about one hour before or after administration of a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention.

For an oral administration form, the compositions of the present invention can be mixed with suitable additives, such as excipients, stabilizers or inert diluents, and brought by means of the customary methods into the suitable administration forms, such as tablets, coated tablets, hard capsules, aqueous, alcoholic, or oily solutions. Examples of suitable inert carriers are gum arabic, magnesia, magnesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, lactose, glucose, or starch, in particular, corn starch. In this case, the preparation can be carried out both as dry and as moist granules. Suitable oily excipients or solvents are vegetable or animal oils, such as sunflower oil or cod liver oil. Suitable solvents for aqueous or alcoholic solutions are water, ethanol, sugar solutions, or mixtures thereof. Polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycols are also useful as further auxiliaries for other administration forms. As immediate release tablets, these compositions may contain microcrystalline cellulose, dicalcium phosphate, starch, magnesium stearate and lactose and/or other excipients, binders, extenders, disintegrants, diluents and lubricants known in the art.

The oral administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a steroid compound according to the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, is suitably accomplished by uniformly and intimately blending together a suitable amount of the steroid compound in the form of a powder, optionally also including a finely divided solid carrier, and encapsulating the blend in, for example, a hard gelatin capsule. The solid carrier can include one or more substances, which act as binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents, coloring agents, and the like. Suitable solid carriers include, for example, calcium phosphate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugars, lactose, dextrin, starch, gelatin, cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidine, low melting waxes and ion exchange resins.

Oral administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an steroid compound according to the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof can also be accomplished by preparing capsules or tablets containing the desired amount of the steroid compound, optionally blended with a solid carrier as described above. Compressed tablets containing the pharmaceutical composition of the invention can be prepared by uniformly and intimately mixing the active ingredient with a solid carrier such as described above to provide a mixture having the necessary compression properties, and then compacting the mixture in a suitable machine to the shape and size desired. Molded tablets maybe made by molding in a suitable machine, a mixture of powdered steroid compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.

When administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation, these compositions may be prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art. Suitable pharmaceutical formulations for administration in the form of aerosols or sprays are, for example, solutions, suspensions or emulsions of the compounds of the invention or their physiologically tolerable salts in a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, such as ethanol or water, or a mixture of such solvents. If required, the formulation can also additionally contain other pharmaceutical auxiliaries such as surfactants, emulsifiers and stabilizers as well as a propellant.

For subcutaneous or intravenous administration, the active analogue, if desired with the substances customary therefor such as solubilizers, emulsifiers or further auxiliaries, are brought into solution, suspension, or emulsion. The compounds of the invention can also be lyophilized and the lyophilizates obtained used, for example, for the production of injection or infusion preparations. Suitable solvents are, for example, water, physiological saline solution or alcohols, e.g. ethanol, propanol, glycerol, in addition also sugar solutions such as glucose or mannitol solutions, or alternatively mixtures of the various solvents mentioned. The injectable solutions or suspensions may be formulated according to known art, using suitable non-toxic, parenterally-acceptable diluents or solvents, such as mannitol, 1,3-butanediol, water, Ringer's solution or isotonic sodium chloride solution, or suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents, such as sterile, bland, fixed oils, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid.

When rectally administered in the form of suppositories, these formulations may be prepared by mixing the compounds according to the invention with a suitable non-irritating excipient, such as cocoa butter, synthetic glyceride esters or polyethylene glycols, which are solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquidify and/or dissolve in the rectal cavity to release the drug.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be administered to humans in dosage ranges specific for each analogue comprised in said compositions. The compounds comprised in said composition can be administered together or separately.

It will be understood, however, that specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular patient may be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific analogue employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity of the particular condition, and the host undergoing therapy.

The following examples are meant to illustrate the present invention. These examples are presented to exemplify the invention and are not to be considered as limiting the scope of the invention. Example 1 provides a non-limiting list of examples of compounds according to the invention. Example 2 illustrates the preparation of different compounds according to the invention. Example 3 illustrates in vitro anti-tumor effects of several compounds according to the invention.

EXAMPLES

The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of synthetic organic chemistry, biological testing, and the like, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature.

Example 1 Non-limiting Examples of Compounds According to the Invention Having General Formula IA or General Formula IB are Listed Hereunder in Table A or Table B, Respectively

TABLE A Formula IA

Formula IB

X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ X₇ R₁ R₂ n —O—CH₃ —O—CH₃ —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —CH₃ —O—CH₃ —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —COOH —O—CH₃ —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —CH═CH₂ —O—CH₃ —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —O—CH₃ —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CO₂CH₃ ═O —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CO₂C₂H₅ ═O —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CHO ═O —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₂OH ═O —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CHOHCH₃ ═O —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH₂ —COOH —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOCH₃ —COOH —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₂OCH₃ —COOH —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₂OCH₂CH₃ —COOH —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₂SCH₃ —COOH —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1

—CH₃ —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1

—CH₃ —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2

—CH₃ —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2

—CH₃ —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2

—CH═CH₂ —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2

—CH═CH₂ —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3

—CH═CH₂ —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3

—CH₂SCH₃ —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3

—CH₂SCH₃ —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3

—CH₂SCH₃ —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3

—CH₂SCH₃ —OH ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 *refers to fact that X₅ participates to a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 4 and 5

TABLE B X₁ X₂ X₃ X₃′ X₄ X₅ X₆ X₇ R₁ R₂ n —O—CH₃ ═O —OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —COOH —OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH═CH₂ —OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —O—CH₃ —OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂CH₃ —OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂C₂H₅ —OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CHO —OH

═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CH₂OH —OH

═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 ═O —CHOHCH₃ —OH

═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH₂ —OH

═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —COOCH₃ —OH

═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₃ —OH

═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₂CH₃ —OH

═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂SCH₃ —OH

═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃ —CH═N—OH —OH

═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃

—OH

═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃

—OH

═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH₃

—OH

═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH₃

—OH

═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

—OH

═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

—OH

═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

—OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

—OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

—OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

—OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

—OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

—OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

—OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —O—CH₃ ═O —OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —COOH —OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH═CH₂ —OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —O—CH₃ —OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂CH₃ —OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂C₂H₅ —OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 0 ═O —CHO —OH

═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 0 ═O —CH₂OH —OH

═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 1 ═0 —CHOHCH₃ —OH

═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH₂ —OH

═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 1 —COOH —COOCH₃ —OH

═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₃ —OH

═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₂CH₃ —OH

═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂SCH₃ —OH

═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 1 —CH₃ —CH═N—OH —OH

═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 1 —CH₃

—OH

═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 1 —CH₃

—OH

═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 2 —CH₃

—OH

═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 2 —CH₃

—OH

═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

—OH

═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

—OH

═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

—OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

—OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

—OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

—OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

—OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

—OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

—OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ ═O —* —H β-D-glucopyranosyl —H —H 3 —OMe —OMe ═O —H —** —H β-D-glucopyranosyl H H 0 —OMe —OMe ═O —H —** —H galactopyranosyl H H 0 —OMe —OMe ═O —H —** —H mannopyranosyl H H 0 —OMe —OMe ═O —H —** —H xylopyranosyl H H 0 —OMe —OMe ═O —H —** —H cellobiosyl H H 0 —OMe —OMe ═O —H —** —H lactosyl H H 0 —OMe —OMe ═O —H —** —H glucofuranosyl H H 0 —OMe —OMe ═O —H —** —H maltosyl H H 0 —OMe —OMe ═O —H —** —H gentiobiosyl H H 0 —O—CH₃ ═O H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH₃ H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —COOH H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH═CH₂ H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —O—CH₃ H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂CH₃ H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂C₂H₅ H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CHO H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CH₂OH H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 ═O —CHOHCH₃ H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH₂ H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —COOCH₃ H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₃ H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₂CH₃ H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂SCH₃ H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃ —CH═N—OH H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃

H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃

H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH₃

H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH₃

H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O ‘3H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

H β-D-glucopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —O—CH₃ ═O H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH₃ H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —COOH H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH═CH₂ H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —O—CH₃ H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂CH₃ H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂C₂H₅ H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CHO H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CH₂OH H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 ═O —CHOHCH₃ H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH₂ H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —COOCH₃ H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₃ H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₂CH₃ H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂SCH₃ H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃ —CH═N—OH H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃

H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃

H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH₃

H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH₃

H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

H galactopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —O—CH₃ ═O H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH₃ H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —COOH H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH═CH₂ H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —O—CH₃ H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂CH₃ H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂C₂H₅ H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CHO H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CH₂OH H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 ═O —CHOHCH₃ H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH₂ H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —COOCH₃ H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₃ H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₂CH₃ H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂SCH₃ H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃ —CH═N—OH H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃

H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃

H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH₃

H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH₃

H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

H mannopyranosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —O—CH₃ ═O H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH₃ H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —COOH H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH═CH₂ H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —O—CH₃ H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂CH₃ H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂C₂H₅ H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CHO H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CH₂OH H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 ═O —CHOHCH₃ H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH₂ H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —COOCH₃ H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₃ H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₂CH₃ H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂SCH₃ H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃ —CH═N—OH H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃

H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃

H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH₃

H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH₃

H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

H Cellobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —O—CH₃ ═O H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH₃ H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —COOH H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH═CH₂ H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —O—CH₃ H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂CH₃ H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂C₂H₅ H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CHO H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CH₂OH H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 ═O —CHOHCH₃ H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH₂ H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —COOCH₃ H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₃ H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₂CH₃ H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂SCH₃ H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃ —CH═N—OH H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃

H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃

H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH₃

H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH₃

H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

H Gentiobiosyl ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —O—CH₃ ═O —OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —COOH —OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH═CH₂ —OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —O—CH₃ —OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂CH₃ —OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂C₂H₅ —OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CHO —OH

β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CH₂OH —OH

β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 1 ═O —CHOHCH₃ —OH

β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH₂ —OH

β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —COOCH₃ —OH

β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₃ —OH

β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₂CH₃ —OH

β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂SCH₃ —OH

β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃ —CH═N—OH —OH

β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃

—OH

β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃

—OH

β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH₃

—OH

β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH₃

—OH

β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

—OH

β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

—OH

β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

—OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

—OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

—OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

—OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

—OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

—OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

—OH —(CH₂)—CH—(CH₃)₂ β-D-glucopyranosyl —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —OMe —OMe ═O β-D-glucopyranosyl —** —H ═O ═O H 0 —OMe —OMe ═O galactopyranosyl —** —H ═O H H 0 —OMe —OMe ═O mannopyranosyl —** —H ═O H H 0 —OMe —OMe ═O xylopyranosyl —** —H ═O H H 0 —OMe —OMe ═O cellobiosyl —** —H ═O H H 0 —OMe —OMe ═O lactosyl —** —H ═O H H 0 —OMe —OMe ═O glucofuranosyl —** —H ═O H H 0 —OMe —OMe ═O maltosyl —** —H ═O H H 0 —OMe —OMe ═O gentiobiosyl —** —H ═O H H 0 —O—CH₃ ═O β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH₃ β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —COOH β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH═CH₂ β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —O—CH₃ β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂CH₃ β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂C₂H₅ β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 ═O —CHO β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 ═O —CH₂OH β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 ═O —CHOHCH₃ β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH₂ β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —COOH —COOCH₃ β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₃ β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₂CH₃ β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂SCH₃ β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —CH₃ —CH═N—OH β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —CH₃

β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —CH₃

β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 2 —CH₃

β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 2 —CH₃

β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

β-D-glucopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 3 —O—CH₃ ═O galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH₃ galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —COOH galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH═CH₂ galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —O—CH₃ galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂CH₃ galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂C₂H₅ galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 ═O —CHO galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 ═O —CH₂OH galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 ═O —CHOHCH₃ galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH₂ galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —COOH —COOCH₃ galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₃ galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₂CH₃ galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂SCH₃ galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —CH₃ —CH═N—OH galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —CH₃

galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —CH₃

galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 2 —CH₃

galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 2 —CH₃

galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

galactopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 3 —O—CH₃ ═O mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH₃ mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —COOH mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH═CH₂ mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —O—CH₃ mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂CH₃ mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂C₂H₅ mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 ═O —CHO mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 ═O —CH₂OH mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 ═O —CHOHCH₃ mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH₂ mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —COOH —COOCH₃ mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₃ mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₂CH₃ mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂SCH₃ mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —CH₃ —CH═N—OH mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —CH₃

mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 1 —CH₃

mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 2 —CH₃

mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 2 —CH₃

mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

mannopyranosyl ‘3H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

mannopyranosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 3 —O—CH₃ ═O Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH₃ Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —COOH Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH═CH₂ Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —O—CH₃ Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H —OH —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂CH₃ Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂C₂H₅ Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CHO Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CH₂OH Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 ═O —CHOHCH₃ Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH₂ Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —COOCH₃ Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₃ Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₂CH₃ Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂SCH₃ Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃ —CH═N—OH Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃

Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃

Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH₃

Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH₃

Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —CH₂SCH₃

Cellobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 —O—CH₃ ═O Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH₃ Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —COOH Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —CH═CH₂ Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 —O—CH₃ —O—CH₃ Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂CH₃ Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CO₂C₂H₅ Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CHO Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 0 ═O —CH₂OH Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 ═O —CHOHCH₃ Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH₂ Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —COOCH₃ Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₃ Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂OCH₂CH₃ Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —COOH —CH₂SCH₃ Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃ —CH═N—OH Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃

Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 1 —CH₃

Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH₃

Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH₃

Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 2 —CH═CH₂

Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 CH₂SCH₃

Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 CH₂SCH₃

Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 CH₂SCH₃

Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 CH₂SCH₃

Gentiobiosyl —H ═O —* —H ═O —H —H 3 *refers to fact that X₅ participates to a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 4 and 5 **refers to fact that X₅ participates to a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 5 and 6

Example 2 Preparation of Steroid Compounds According to the Invention

The present example provides evidence for the preparation of eight different compounds according to the invention, UBS1740, UBS1664, UBS1819, UBS3268, UBS3270, UBS3285, UBS3327 and UBS3328. The prepared compounds and their intermediates are represented in Table C. In addition, this example also illustrates the preparation of a reference compound, UBS881. The compounds and their intermediate products are schematically represented in Table C.

1. Preparation of Compound UBS1740

UBS1697 was prepared by hydrogenating the compound having formula IV (100 mg, 1.81 10⁻⁴ mole) in 10 ml of ethyl acetate (100 mg of 10% Pd/C, H₂ at 45 psi) for 24 hours. The palladium was filtered and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The obtained product, indicated with formula III′_(A1) in FIG. 1, was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (hexane/acetone 95/5) to give 77 mg of compound UBS1697. The yield of this preparation process was 77%.

A solution of 2,5-dimethoxybenzene (391 mg, 1.80 10⁻³ mole) and 1,2-dibromo-ethane (337 mg, 1.79 10⁻³ mole) in dry tetrahydrofuran (2 ml) was added dropwise over 15 min to a stirred mixture of Mg (200 mg, 8.23 10⁻³ mole) and I₂ (trace amount) in dry tetrahydrofuran (2 ml) under N₂. After the addition, a solution of the compound UBS1697 (100 mg, 1.90 10⁻⁴ mole) in dry tetrahydrofuran (1 ml) was added dropwise over 5 min. After 15 min, a saturated NH₄Cl solution was added and the mixture was extracted with ether. The ether solution was washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed over silica gel (hexane/acetone 95/5) in order to provide 84 mg of compound UBS1717. The yield of this preparation process was 67%.

Subsequently, a 1M solution of n-Bu4NF (200 μl, 2 10⁻⁴ mole) was added to a solution of the compound III_(A1) (UBS1717) (50 mg, 7.21 10⁻⁵ mole) in tetrahydrofuran (5 ml) and the mixture was stirred for 3 days at room temperature. Purification of the crude mixture by silica gel flash chromatography (hexane/AcOEt 3/1) provided 25 mg of the compound UBS1740. The yield of this preparation process was 76%.

2. Preparation of Compound UBS1664

In a similar manner as described for the preparation of UBS1717, the compound of formula IV (200 mg, 3.62 10⁻⁴ mole) was treated with 2,5-dimethoxybenzene (314 mg, 1.60 10⁻³ mole) and magnesium (150 mg, 5.78 10⁻³ mole) to obtain 60 mg of the compound UBS1513. The yield of this preparation process was 24%.

In a similar manner as described as described for the preparation of UBS1740, the compound UBS1513 (150 mg, 2.17 10-4 mole) was treated with a solution 1M of n-Bu₄NF (650 μl, 6.52 10⁻⁴ mole) in tetrahydrofuran to give 700 mg of compound UBS1634. The yield of this process was 70%.

PCC (238 mg, 1.1 10⁻³ mole) was added in one portion to a solution of steroid II_(B1) (100 mg, 2.20 10⁻⁴ mole) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (10 ml) for 48 h. Subsequent addition of Et₂O and filtration provided an organic solution, which was washed with water, dried, filtered and evaporated to give crude product. Purification of this crude mixture by silica gel chromatography (hexane/AcOEt 1/2) provided pure compound UBS1664. The yield of this process was 61%.

3. Preparation of Compound UBS1819

The compound UBS1819 was obtained starting from UBS1740. In a similar manner as described for the preparation of UBS1664, UBS1740 (50 mg, 1.10 10⁻⁴ mole) was treated with PCC (52 mg, 2.42 10⁻⁴ mole) and calcium carbonate (220 mg, 2.20 10⁻³ mole) to obtain compound UBS1819.

4. Preparation of Compound UBS3268

UBS3267 was prepared by coupling at −20° C. the compound UBS1634 (50 mg, 0.11 10⁻³ mole) in 8 ml of dichloromethane, 2 ml of toluene and tetrabenzoylglucoside bromide (131 mg, 0.19 10⁻³ mole) in presence of silver trifluoromethane sulfonate (52 mg, 0.19 10⁻³ mole) and allyltrimethylsilane (72 mg, 0.62 10⁻³ mole). Tetrabenzoylglucoside bromide and others carbohydrate derivatives were prepared according to the procedure described in Steroids 63:44-49, 1998. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Purification of the crude mixture by silica gel chromatography (cyclohexane/AcOEt 8/2) provided 14 mg of the compound UBS3267. The yield of this preparation process was 91%.

Subsequently, a solution of methanolate (0.084 ml, 0.46 10⁻³ mole) in methanol was added at room temperature for 30 min to a stirred mixture of UBS3267 (80 mg, 7.76 10⁻⁵ mole) in methanol. After neutralization and evaporation, the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 95/5) in order to provide 43 mg of the compound UBS3268. The yield of this preparation process was 90%.

5. Preparation of Compound UBS3270

In a similar manner as described for the preparation of UBS3267, the compound UBS1634 (60 mg, 0.13 10⁻³ mole) was treated with tetrabenzoylmannoside bromide (158 mg, 0.24 10⁻³ mole) in presence of silver trifluoromethane sulfonate (62 mg, 0.24 10⁻³ mole) and allyltrimethylsilane (120 μl, 0.74 10⁻³ mole) to obtain 112 mg of the compound UBS3269. The yield of this preparation process was 82%.

In a similar manner as described for the preparation of UBS3268, the compound UBS3269 (80 mg, 7.76 10⁻⁵ mole) was treated with methanolate (0.084 ml, 0.46 10⁻³ mole) in methanol at room temperature for 30 min to give 28 mg of compound UBS3270. The yield of this preparation process was 58%.

6. Preparation of Compound UBS3327

In a similar manner as described for the preparation of UBS3267, the compound UBS1634 (50 mg, 0.11 10⁻³ mole) was treated with octabenzoylcellobioside bromide (188 mg, 0.16 10⁻³ mole) in presence of silver trifluoromethane sulfonate (44 mg, 0.15 10⁻³ mole) and allyltrimethylsilane (72 mg, 0.62 10⁻³ mole) to obtain 126 mg of the compound of formula IB. The yield of this preparation process was 75%.

In a similar manner as described for the preparation of UBS3268, the later compound of formula IB (120 mg, 7.9 10⁻⁵ mole) was treated with methanolate (0.143 ml, 7.9 10⁻⁴ mole) in methanol at room temperature for 30 min to give 73 mg of compound UBS3327. The yield of this preparation process was 69%.

7. Preparation of Compound UBS3328

In a similar manner as described for the preparation of UBS3267, the compound UBS1634 (50 mg, 0.11 10⁻³ mole) was treated with octabenzoylgentiobioside bromide (188 mg, 0.16 10⁻³ mole) in presence of silver trifluoromethane sulfonate (44 mg, 0.15 10⁻³ mole) and allyltrimethylsilane (72 mg, 0.62 10⁻³ mole) to obtain 57 mg of the compound of formula IB. The yield of this preparation process was 34%.

In a similar manner as described for the preparation of UBS3268, the later compound of formula IB (45 mg, 3.0 10⁻⁵ mole) was treated with methanolate (54 μl, 3 10⁻⁴ mole) in methanol at room temperature for 30 min to give 20 mg of compound UBS3328. The yield of this preparation process was 86%.

8. Preparation of Compound UBS3285

A solution of tetrabenzylgalactopyranose (50 mg, 9.2 10⁻⁵ mole), p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (20 mg, 1 10⁻⁴ mole), tetrabutylammonium iodide (20 mg, 5 10⁻⁵ mole) and the compound UBS1634 (150 mg, 3 10⁻⁴ mole) in 10 ml of dichloromethane is stirred with 40% aqueous NaOH (5 ml) at room temperature. After 48 h the organic layer is separated, washed with H₂O and dried (MgSO₄). The solvent is evaporated and the crude product is chromatographed on silica gel using (cyclohexane/AcOEt 9/1) in order to provide 25 mg of compound having formula IB. The yield of this preparation process was 56%.

Subsequently, the later compound (20 mg, 2 10⁻⁵ mole) in 5 ml of ethanol and 5 ml of AcOEt. Pd/C (20 mg) and cyclohexene (1 ml) was added and the mixture was heating under reflux for 2 h. The palladium was filtered and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to give 12 mg of compound UBS3285. The yield of this preparation process was 99%.

9. Preparation of Compound UBS881

The compound UBS881 was obtained starting from cholesterol. In a similar manner as described for the preparation of UBS1664, cholesterol (400 mg, 1.03 10⁻³ mole) was treated with PCC (1.550 g, 7.21 10⁻³ mole) to obtain compound UBS881. This product is known to be isolated from Cinachyrella voeltzkowi, and shows an anti-cancer activity. It was used as reference compound in the below-described experiments TABLE C

Compounds and their intermediates according to the invention P X₁ X₂ X₃ X₃′ X₄ X₅ X₆ X₇ R₁ R₂ n UBS1697 tBuPh₂Si — — ═O —H —** —H —O— H H 0 UBS1717 tBuPh₂Si —OMe —OMe —OH — —H —** —H —O— H H 0 UBS1740 — —OMe —OMe —OH — —H —** —H —OH H H 0 UBS1819 — —OMe —OMe —OH — ═O —* —H ═O H H 0 UBS1513 tBuPh₂Si —OMe —OMe ═O —H —** —H —O— H H 0 UBS1634 — —OMe —OMe ═O —H —** —H —OH H H 0 UBS1664 — —OMe —OMe ═O ═O —* —H ═O H H 0 UBS3267 — —OMe —OMe ═O —H —** —H Tetrabenzoyl H H 0 D-Glucosyl UBS3268 — —OMe —OMe ═O —H —** —H D-Glucosyl H H 0 UBS3269 — —OMe —OMe ═O —H —** —H Tetrabenzoyl H H 0 D-Mannosyl UBS3270 — —OMe —OMe ═O —H —** —H D-Mannosyl H H 0 UBS3285 — —OMe —OMe ═O —H —** —H D-Galactosyl H H 0 UBS3327 — —OMe —OMe ═O —H —** —H D-Cellobiosyl H H 0 UBS3328 — —OMe —OMe ═O —H —** —H D-Gentiobiosyl H H 0 *refers to fact that X₅ participates to a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 4 and 5 **refers to fact that X₅ participates to a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 5 and 6

Example 3 Effect of Different Compounds According to the Invention on Overall Cell Growth of a Cell Line

In order to characterize the in vitro activities of the compounds according to the invention, MTT tests were carried out. The MTT test, which is a well-known test in the art, is an indirect technique that rapidly measures, i.e. within 5 days, the effect of a given product on the overall cell growth. This test measures the number of metabolically active living cells that are able to transform the MTT product (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide), having a yellowish color, to the blue product formazan dye by mitochondrial reduction. The amount of formazan obtained at the end of the experiment is measured with a spectrophotometer and is directly proportional to the number of living cells. Determination of the optical density enables a quantitative measurement of the effect of the investigated compounds as compared to the control condition (untreated cells) and to compare it to other reference compound. In the following examples different compounds according to the invention were tested and compared to the reference compound being UBS881.

Six human cancer cell lines, described in Table D, were tested in the presence of the extract according to the invention. These cell lines represent four histological cancer types, being glioma cancer (cell line Hs683 and U-373 MG), colon cancer (cell lineHCT-15 and LoVo), lung cancer (cell line A549) and bladder cancer (cell line J82). The cells were allowed to grow in 96-well micro wells with a flat bottom with an amount of 100 μl of cell suspension per well to have 1000 to 5000 cells/well depending on cell type. Each cell line was seeded in its own cell culture medium (Table D). TABLE D Human cancer cell lines and corresponding cell culture medium used for the MTT experiments Cell ATCC lines code Tissue Medium Literature Ref. Hs683 HTB- Glioma MEM 5% J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 56: 843- 138 serum 849, 1976; ibid. 58: 1455-1463, 1977 U-373 HTB-17 Glioma MEM 5% Acta Pathol. Microbial. Scand. MG serum 74: 465-486, 1968 HCT- CCL- Colon MEM 5% Cancer Res. 39: 1020-1025, 15 225 serum 1979 LoVo CCL- Colon MEM 5% Exp. Cell Res. 101: 414-416, 229 serum 1976; J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 61: 75-83, 1978; Cancer Res. 39: 2630-2636, 1979 A549 CCL- Lung MEM 5% J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 51: 1417- 185 serum 1423, 1973; Int. J. Cancer 17: 62-70, 1976 J82 HTB-1 Bladder MEM 5% Br. J. Cancer 38: 64-76, 1978; serum In Vitro models for cancer re- search Vol iV. CRC Press, 103- 125, 1986

After a 24-hour period of incubation at 37° C., the culture medium is replaced by 100 μl of fresh medium in which the compound to be tested has been dissolved at different required concentrations. Different compounds were tested at 10⁻⁷ M, 5×10⁻⁷ M, 10⁻⁸ M, 5×10⁻⁶ M, 10⁻⁵ M, 5×10⁻⁵ M, 10⁻⁴ M, 5×10⁻⁴ M, and 10⁻³ M. Each experimental condition was carried out in hexaplicate. The compounds tested were UBS1664, UBS1740, and UBS1819. As a reference, UBS881 was used.

After 72 hours of incubation at 37° C. with the compound (experimental conditions) or without the compound (control condition), the medium was replaced by 100 μl MTT at the concentration of 1 mg/ml dissolved in RPMI. The micro wells were subsequently incubated during 3 hours at 37° C. and centrifuged at 400 g during 10 minutes. The MTT was removed and formazan crystals formed, were dissolved in 100 μl DMSO. The micro wells were shaken for 5 minutes and read on a spectrophotometer at the wavelengths of 570 nm corresponding to the maximum formazan absorbance wavelength, and of 630 nm, which is the background noise wavelength.

For each experimental condition, the mean OD associated with the SEM (standard error of the mean) for each condition (6 wells) was calculated. The percentage of remaining living cells in comparison with the control was calculated. Results of these experiments are represented in FIGS. 2 to 5.

FIG. 2 represents the cytotoxic activity of the UBS881 on the 6 tested cancer cell lines. In FIG. 3 it is shown that the compound UBS1664 induced cytotoxic activity on all 6 tested cell lines. The cytotoxic activity was stronger on HCT-15, LoVo and A549 lines than on Hs683, U-373MG and J82 cell lines. FIG. 4 represents the cytotoxic activity of UBS1740 on the 6 tested cancer cell lines. The Hs683 and A549 cell lines were most sensitive compared to the other cell lines to UBS1740. FIG. 5 represents the cytotoxic activity of UBS1819 on the 6 tested cell lines. The activities are comparable for each cell line with a IC₅₀ value ranged between 5 10⁻⁵ M to 10⁻⁵ M. Thus, as illustrated on FIGS. 2 to 5 the compounds according to the invention exerted an anti-tumor activity on different types of cancer cell lines.

The concentration at which the compounds according to the invention kill 50% of cell population, i.e. the IC₅₀ value, is represented in table E. TABLE E Comparison of the IC₅₀ value of compounds according to the invention compound Hs683 U-373 HCT-15 LoVo A549 J82 UBS881 10⁻⁵, 5.10⁻⁶ 10⁻⁵, 5.10⁻⁶ 10⁻⁵, 5.10⁻⁶ 10⁻⁵, 5.10⁻⁶ 10⁻⁵, 5.10⁻⁶ 5.10⁻⁵, 10⁻⁵ UBS1664 10⁻⁴, 5.10⁻⁵ 10⁻⁴, 5.10⁻⁵ 5.10⁻⁵, 10⁻⁵ 5.10⁻⁵, 10⁻⁵ 5.10⁻⁵, 10⁻⁵ 10⁻⁴, 5.10⁻⁵ UBS1740 10⁻⁵, 5.10⁻⁶ 5.10⁻⁵, 10⁻⁵ 5.10⁻⁵, 10⁻⁵ 5.10⁻⁵, 10⁻⁵ 10⁻⁵, 5.10⁻⁶ 5.10⁻⁵, 10⁻⁵ UBS1819 5.10⁻⁵, 10⁻⁵ 5.10⁻⁵, 10⁻⁵ 5.10⁻⁵, 10⁻⁵ 5.10⁻⁵, 10⁻⁵ 5.10⁻⁵, 10⁻⁵ 5.10⁻⁵, 10⁻⁵

FIG. 6 compares the cytotoxic activity of UBS1664, UBS1740, UBS1819 to UBS881 on 6 different cancer cell lines. All compounds induced an anti-tumor effect on each tested cell line. The IC₅₀ values for UBS881, UBS1664, UBS1740 and UBS1819 respectively ranged between [5.10⁻⁵, 5.10⁻⁶], [10⁻⁴, 10⁻⁵], [5.10⁻⁵, 5.10⁻⁶] and [5.10⁻⁵, 10⁻⁵].

In conclusion, the novel compounds according to the invention tested exhibited an anti-tumor effect on the 6 human cancer cell lines assayed in the present experiments. These anti-tumor effects corresponded to marked decreases in the overall growth of these human cancers models belonging to four representative histological types.

Example 4 Effect of Compounds According to the Invention on Cell Migration

The present example illustrates the effect of the compounds UBS881, UBS1664, UBS3285, UBS3327 and UBS3328 according to the invention on the migration of cancer cells.

Cells of different cancer lines, i.e. U-373 MG (Glioma cancer), Hs578T (breast cancer) and A549 (lung cancer) were seeded on culture flask 48 hours before the migration experiment. On the test day, cells were treated with or without compounds UBS881, UBS1664, UBS3285, UBS3327 and UBS3328 in closed Falcon dishes containing a buffered medium at a controlled temperature (37.0±0.1° C.) for 12 or 24 hours. The compounds were administered at two non-cytotoxic concentrations (10⁻⁶ M and 10⁻⁷ M) for UBS881 and UBS1664, and at 4 concentrations (10⁻⁷ M to 10⁻¹⁰ M) for UBS3285, UBS3327 and UBS3328. Migration of the cells was observed by means of a CCD-camera mounted on a phase-contrast microscope. A statistical analyse of the migration, with the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test, was established for 25% of the most motile cells and for the entire cell population for UBS881 and UBS1664, and established for 25%-50% of the most motile cells and for the entire cell population for UBS3285, UBS3327 and UBS3328 compounds. The table F below illustrates the anti-migratory effect of the compound according to the invention. TABLE F Anti-migratory effect of the compounds UBS1664, UBS3285, UBS3327 and UBS3328 on cells of cancer cell lines Compounds Cell lines Max. effects Conditions UBS881 U-373 MG −24%/p < 0.001 For 24 hours on the 25% of most motile cells, at 10⁻⁷ M UBS1664 U-373 MG −27%/p < 0.001 For 24 hours on the 25% of most motile cells, at 10⁻⁷ M A549 −15%/p < 0.05 For 12 hours on the en- tire cell population, at 10⁻⁷ M UBS3285 U-373 MG −22%/p < 0.001 For 24 hours on the 50% of most motile cells, at 10⁻⁸ M UBS3327 A549 −34%/p < 0.001 For 24 hours on the 25% of most motile cells, at 10⁻⁸ M Hs578T −21%/p < 0.001 For 24 hours on the 25% of most motile cells, at 10⁻⁷ M UBS3328 A 549 −40%/p < 0.001 For 24 hours on the 25% of most motile cells, at 10⁻⁷ M U-373 MG −27%/p < 0.001 For 12 hours on the en- tire cell population, at 10⁻¹⁰ M

In conclusion, the compounds UBS881, UBS1664, UBS3285, UBS3327 and UBS3328 induced a decrease in the migration level of U-373 MG, Hs578T and/or A549 cancer cells at the weak studied concentrations. 

1. A compound having the structural formula IB or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein X₁, X₂, R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of oxo, hydrogen, hydroxyl, oxyalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxyalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkanoyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylalkanoyl, cycloalkylthiocarbonyl, cycloalkylalkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylalkoxythiocarbonyl, cycloalkylthioalkyl, alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, silyloxyalkyl, aralkyl, arylalkenyl, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylthiocarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, arylalkylthiocarbonyl, aryloxyalky, arylthioalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aralkanoyl, aroyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxyalkanoyl, carboxyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, Het¹, Het¹alkyl, Het¹oxyalkyl, Het¹aryl, Het¹aralkyl, Het¹cycloalkyl, Het¹alkoxycarbonyl, Het¹alkylthiocarbonyl, Het¹oxycarbonyl, Het¹thiocarbonyl, Het¹alkanoyl, Het¹aralkanoyl, Het¹aryloxyalkyl, Het¹alkyloxyalkyl, Het¹arylthioalkyl, Het¹aryloxycarbonyl, Het¹aralkoxycarbonyl, Het¹aroyl, Het¹oxyalkylcarbonyl, Het¹alkyloxyalkylcarbonyl, Het¹aryloxyalkylcarbonyl, Het¹carbonyloxyalkyl, Het¹alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, Het¹aralkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, Het²alkyl, Het²oxyalkyl, Het²alkyloxyalkyl, Het²aralkyl, Het²carbonyl, Het²oxycarbonyl, Het²thiocarbonyl, Het²alkanoyl, Het²alkylthiocarbonyl, Het²alkoxycarbonyl, Het²aralkanoyl, Het²aralkoxycarbonyl, Het²aryloxycarbonyl, Het²aroyl, Het²aryloxyalkyl, Het²arylthioalkyl, Het²oxyalkylcarbonyl, Het²alkyloxyalkylcarbonyl, Het²aryloxyalkylcarbonyl, Het²carbonyloxyalkyl, Het²alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, Het²aralkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, cyano, CR³═NR⁴, CR³═N(OR⁴), aminocarbonyl, aminoalkanoyl, aminoalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, aminocarbonyl, mono- or di(alkyl)aminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylS(═O)_(t), hydroxy, cyano, halogen or amino, unsubstituted, mono- or disubstituted, wherein the substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aryloxy, arylamino, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, aralkoxy, alkylthio, alkoxy, aryloxyalkoxy, arylaminoalkoxy, aralkylamino, aryloxyalkylamino, arylaminoalkylamino, arylthioalkoxy, arylthioalkylamino, aralkylthio, aryloxyalkylthio, arylaminoalkylthio, arylthioalkylthio, alkylamino, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, Het¹, Het², Het¹alkyl, Het²alkyl, Het¹amino, Het²amino, Het¹alkylamino, Het²alkylamino Het¹thio, Het²thio, Het¹alkylthio, Het²alkylthio, Het¹oxy and Het²oxy; OR³; SR³, SO₂NR³R⁴, SO₂N(OH)R³, CN, CR³═NR⁴, S(O)R³, SO₂R³, CR³═N(OR⁴), N₃, NO₂, NR³R⁴, N(OH)R³, C(O)R³, C(S)R³, CO₂R³, C(O)SR³, C(O)NR³R⁴, C(S)NR³R⁴, C(O)N(OH)R⁴, C(S)N(OH)R³, NR³C(O)R⁴, NR³C(S)R⁴, N(OH)C(O)R⁴, N(OH)C(S)R³, NR³CO₂R⁴, NR³C(O)NR⁴R⁵, and NR³C(S)NR⁴R⁵, N(OH)CO₂R³, NR³C(O)SR⁴, N(OH)C(O)NR³R⁴, N(OH)C(S)NR³R⁴, NR³C(O)N(OH)R⁴, NR³C(S)N(OH)R⁴, NR³SO₂R⁴, NHSO₂NR³R⁴, NR³SO₂NHR⁴, P(O)(OR³)(OR⁴), wherein t is an integer between 1 and 2 and R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aminoalkyl, aminoaryl, alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino alkylthiocarbonylamino and arylthiocarbonylamino; wherein X₃ participates together with X₃′ in an oxo functional group, or wherein X₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, sulfur, oxyalkyl, oxycarbonyl, alkyl, Het¹alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aminoalkyl, aminoacyl, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylthiocarbonylamino, Het¹, glycosyl, thio derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected derivatives thereof, alkyloxycarbonyl, unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl and aminocarbonyl; and X₃′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, Het¹, glycosyl, thio derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected derivatives thereof, aralkyl, and unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, aminocarbonyl, mono- or di(alkyl)aminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylS(═O)_(t), hydroxy, cyano, halogen or amino, unsubstituted, mono- or disubstituted, wherein the substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aryloxy, arylamino, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, aralkoxy, alkylthio, alkoxy, aryloxyalkoxy, aylaminoalkoxy, aralkylamino, aryloxyalkylamino, arylaminoalkylamino, arylthioalkoxy, arylthioalkylamino, aralkylthio, aryloxyalkylthio, arylaminoalkylthio, arylthioalkylthio, alkylamino, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl; wherein X₄ and X₇ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, oxygen, oxo, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, Het¹, glycosyl, thio derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected derivatives thereof, Het¹alkyl, Het¹aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, hydroxycarbonylaryl, hydroxycarbonyloxyalkyl and hydroxycarbonyloxyaryl; aminocarbonyl, mono- or di(alkyl)aminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylS(═O)_(t), hydroxy, aminoalkyl, aminoaryl, cyano, halogen or amino, unsubstituted, mono- or disubstituted, wherein the substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aryloxy, arylamino, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, aralkoxy, alkylthio, alkoxy, aryloxyalkoxy, aylaminoalkoxy, aralkylamino, aryloxyalkylamino, arylaminoalkylamino, arylthioalkoxy, arylthioalkylamino, aralkylthio, aryloxyalkylthio, arylaminoalkylthio, arylthioalkylthio, alkylamino, Het¹, Het², alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, aminocarbonyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl; wherein X₅ participates in a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 4 and 5 or between carbon atoms in position 5 and 6, and X₆ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl and hydroxyalkyl, or wherein X₅ and X₆ are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydrogen, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, aminoaryl, unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, aminocarbonyl, and wherein n is an integer between 0 and 10, provided that when X₆ and X₄ are H, when X₅ participates in a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 5 and 6, when X₃ participates together with X₃′ in an oxo functional group, when n is zero and X₁, X₂, R₁ and R₂ are H, X₇ is not hydroxyl.
 2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein X₁, X₂, R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of oxo, hydrogen, hydroxyl, oxyalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxyalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkanoyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylalkanoyl, cycloalkylthiocarbonyl, cycloalkylalkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylalkoxythiocarbonyl, cycloalkylthioalkyl, alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, silyloxyalkyl, aralkyl, arylalkenyl, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylthiocarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, arylalkylthiocarbonyl, aryloxyalky, arylthioalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aralkanoyl, aroyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxyalkanoyl, carboxyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, Het¹, Het¹alkyl, Het¹oxyalkyl, Het¹aryl, Het¹aralkyl, Het¹cycloalkyl, Het¹alkoxycarbonyl, Het¹alkylthiocarbonyl, Het¹oxycarbonyl, Het¹thiocarbonyl, Het¹alkanoyl, Het¹aralkanoyl, Het¹aryloxyalkyl, Het¹alkyloxyalkyl, Het¹arylthioalkyl, Het¹aryloxycarbonyl, Het¹aralkoxycarbonyl, Het¹aroyl, Het¹oxyalkylcarbonyl, Het¹alkyloxyalkylcarbonyl, Het¹aryloxyalkylcarbonyl, Het¹carbonyloxyalkyl, Het¹alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, Het¹aralkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, Het²alkyl, Het²oxyalkyl, Het²alkyloxyalkyl, Het²aralkyl, Het²carbonyl, Het²oxycarbonyl, Het²thiocarbonyl, Het²alkanoyl, Het²alkylthiocarbonyl, Het²alkoxycarbonyl, Het²aralkanoyl, Het²aralkoxycarbonyl, Het²aryloxycarbonyl, Het²aroyl, Het²aryloxyalkyl, Het² arylthioalkyl, Het²oxyalkylcarbonyl, Het²alkyloxyalkylcarbonyl, Het²aryloxyalkylcarbonyl, Het²carbonyloxyalkyl, Het²alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, Het²aralkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, cyano, CR³═NR⁴, CR³═N(OR⁴), aminocarbonyl, aminoalkanoyl, aminoalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, aminocarbonyl, mono- or di(alkyl)aminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylS(═O)_(t), hydroxy, cyano, halogen or amino, unsubstituted, mono- or disubstituted, wherein the substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aryloxy, arylamino, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, aralkoxy, alkylthio, alkoxy, aryloxyalkoxy, aylaminoalkoxy, aralkylamino, aryloxyalkylamino, arylaminoalkylamino, arylthioalkoxy, arylthioalkylamino, aralkylthio, aryloxyalkylthio, arylaminoalkylthio, arylthioalkylthio, alkylamino, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, Het¹, Het², Het¹alkyl, Het²alkyl, Het¹amino, Het²amino, Het¹alkylamino, Het²alkylamino, Het¹thio, Het²thio, Het¹alkylthio, Het²alkylthio, Het¹oxy, Het²oxy, OR³, SR³, SO₂NR³R⁴, SO₂N(OH)R³, CN, CR³═NR⁴, S(O)R³, SO₂R³, CR³═N(OR⁴), N₃, NO₂, NR³R⁴, N(OH)R³, C(O)R³, C(S)R³, CO₂R³, C(O)SR³, C(O)NR³R⁴, C(S)NR³R⁴, C(O)N(OH)R⁴, C(S)N(OH)R³, NR³C(O)R⁴, NR³C(S)R⁴, N(OH)C(O)R⁴, N(OH)C(S)R³, NR³CO₂R⁴, NR³C(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR³C(S)NR⁴R⁵, N(OH)CO₂R³, NR³C(O)SR⁴, N(OH)C(O)NR³R⁴, N(OH)C(S)NR³R⁴, NR³C(O)N(OH)R⁴, NR³C(S)N(OH)R⁴, NR³SO₂R⁴, NHSO₂NR³R⁴, NR³SO₂NHR⁴, P(O)(OR³)(OR⁴), wherein t is an integer between 1 and 2 and R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aminoalkyl, aminoaryl, alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino alkylthiocarbonylamino and arylthiocarbonylamino; wherein X₃ participates together with X₃′ in an oxo functional group, or wherein X₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, sulfur, oxyalkyl, oxycarbonyl, alkyl, Het¹alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aminoalkyl, aminoacyl, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylthiocarbonylamino, Het¹, glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, ribosyl, ribulosyl, xylulosyl, erythrosyl, erythrulosyl, rhamnosyl, threosyl, sorbosyl, psicosyl, tagatosyl, fucosyl, arabinosyl, xylofuranosyl, lyxosyl, talosyl, psicosyl, idosyl, gulosyl, altrosyl, allosyl, mannoheptulosyl, sedoheptulosyl, abequosyl, isomaltosyl, kojibiosyl, laminarabiosyl, nigerosyl, primeverosyl, rutinosyl, tyvelosyl, maltosyl, lactosyl, sucrosyl, cellobiosyl, trehalosyl, gentiobiosyl, melibiosyl, turanosyl, sophorosyl, isosucrosyl, raffinosyl, gentianosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy mannosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-mannosyl, 2-amino-1,3-cyclohexanediol, L or D isomers thereof, α or β form thereof, pyranose or furanose form thereof, combination thereof, deoxy derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected acetate derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, thio derivatives thereof, di-, tri-, oligo- and polysaccharide thereof, alkyloxycarbonyl, unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl and aminocarbonyl; and X₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, Het¹, glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, ribosyl, ribulosyl, xylulosyl, erythrosyl, erythrulosyl, rhamnosyl, threosyl, sorbosyl, psicosyl, tagatosyl, fucosyl, arabinosyl, xylofuranosyl, lyxosyl, talosyl, psicosyl, idosyl, gulosyl, altrosyl, allosyl, mannoheptulosyl, sedoheptulosyl, abequosyl, isomaltosyl, kojibiosyl, laminarabiosyl, nigerosyl, primeverosyl, rutinosyl, tyvelosyl, maltosyl, lactosyl, sucrosyl, cellobiosyl, trehalosyl, gentiobiosyl, melibiosyl, turanosyl, sophorosyl, isosucrosyl, raffinosyl, gentianosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy mannosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-mannosyl, 2-amino-1,3-cyclohexanediol, L or D isomers thereof, α or β form thereof, pyranose or furanose form thereof, combination thereof, deoxy derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected acetate derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, thio derivatives thereof, di-, tri-, oligo- and polysaccharide thereof, aralkyl, and unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, aminocarbonyl, mono- or di(alkyl)aminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylS(═O)_(t), hydroxy, cyano, halogen or amino, unsubstituted, mono- or disubstituted, wherein the substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aryloxy, arylamino, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, aralkoxy, alkylthio, alkoxy, aryloxyalkoxy, aylaminoalkoxy, aralkylamino, aryloxyalkylamino, arylaminoalkylamino, arylthioalkoxy, arylthioalkylamino, aralkylthio, aryloxyalkylthio, arylaminoalkylthio, arylthioalkylthio, alkylamino, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl; wherein X₄ and X₇ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, oxygen, halogen, oxo, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, Het¹, glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, ribosyl, ribulosyl, xylulosyl, erythrosyl, erythrulosyl, rhamnosyl, threosyl, sorbosyl, psicosyl, tagatosyl, fucosyl, arabinosyl, xylofuranosyl, lyxosyl, talosyl, psicosyl, idosyl, gulosyl, altrosyl, allosyl, mannoheptulosyl, sedoheptulosyl, abequosyl, isomaltosyl, kojibiosyl, laminarabiosyl, nigerosyl, primeverosyl, rutinosyl, tyvelosyl, maltosyl, lactosyl, sucrosyl, cellobiosyl, trehalosyl, gentiobiosyl, melibiosyl, turanosyl, sophorosyl, isosucrosyl, raffinosyl, gentianosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy mannosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-mannosyl, 2-amino-1,3-cyclohexanediol, L or D isomers thereof, α or β form thereof, pyranose or furanose form thereof, combination thereof, deoxy derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected acetate derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, thio derivatives thereof, di-, tri-, oligo- and polysaccharide thereof; Het¹alkyl, Het¹aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, hydroxycarbonylaryl, hydroxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and hydroxycarbonyloxyaryl; aminocarbonyl, mono- or di(alkyl)aminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylS(═O)_(t), hydroxy, aminoalkyl, aminoaryl, cyano, halogen or amino, unsubstituted mono- or disubstituted wherein the substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aryloxy, arylamino, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, aralkoxy, alkylthio, alkoxy, aryloxyalkoxy, aylaminoalkoxy, aralkylamino, aryloxyalkylamino, arylaminoalkylamino, arylthioalkoxy, arylthioalkylamino, aralkylthio, aryloxyalkylthio, arylaminoalkylthio, arylthioalkylthio, alkylamino, Het¹, Het², alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, aminocarbonyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl; wherein X₅ participates in a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 4 and 5 or between carbon atoms in positions 5 and 6, and X₆ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl and hydroxyalkyl, or wherein X₅ and X₆ are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydrogen, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, aminoaryl, unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, aminocarbonyl, and wherein n is an integer between 0 and
 10. 3. The compound according to claim 1, wherein X₁, X₂, R₁ and R₂ are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, oxyalkyl, oxo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxyalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkanoyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylalkanoyl, cycloalkylthiocarbonyl, cycloalkylalkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylalkoxythiocarbonyl, cycloalkylthioalkyl, alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, silyloxyalkyl, aralkyl, arylalkenyl, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylthiocarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, arylalkylthiocarbonyl, aryloxyalky, arylthioalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aralkanoyl, aroyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxyalkanoyl, carboxyl, alkenylcarbonyl and alkynylcarbonyl; wherein X₃ participates together with X₃′ in an oxo functional group, or wherein X₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, sulfur, oxyalkyl, oxycarbonyl alkyl, Het¹alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aminoalkyl, aminoacyl, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylthiocarbonylamino, Het¹, glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, ribosyl, ribulosyl, xylulosyl, erythrosyl, erythrulosyl, rhamnosyl, threosyl, sorbosyl, psicosyl, tagatosyl, fucosyl, arabinosyl, xylofuranosyl, lyxosyl, talosyl, psicosyl, idosyl, gulosyl, altrosyl, allosyl, mannoheptulosyl, sedoheptulosyl, abequosyl, isomaltosyl, kojibiosyl, laminarabiosyl, nigerosyl, primeverosyl, rutinosyl, tyvelosyl, maltosyl, lactosyl, sucrosyl, cellobiosyl, trehalosyl, gentiobiosyl, melibiosyl, turanosyl, sophorosyl, isosucrosyl, raffinosyl, gentianosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy mannosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-mannosyl, 2-amino-1,3-cyclohexanediol, L or D isomers thereof, α or β form thereof, pyranose or furanose form thereof, combination thereof, deoxy derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected acetate derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, thio derivatives thereof, disaccharide thereof, trisaccharide thereof, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide thereof, alkyloxycarbonyl unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl and aminocarbonyl; and X₃′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, Het¹, glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, ribosyl, ribulosyl, xylulosyl, erythrosyl, erythrulosyl, rhamnosyl, threosyl, sorbosyl, psicosyl, tagatosyl, fucosyl, arabinosyl, xylofuranosyl, lyxosyl, talosyl, psicosyl, idosyl, gulosyl, altrosyl, allosyl, mannoheptulosyl, sedoheptulosyl, abequosyl, isomaltosyl, kojibiosyl, laminarabiosyl, nigerosyl, primeverosyl, rutinosyl, tyvelosyl, maltosyl, lactosyl, sucrosyl, cellobiosyl, trehalosyl, gentiobiosyl, melibiosyl, turanosyl, sophorosyl, isosucrosyl, raffinosyl, gentianosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy mannosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-mannosyl, 2-amino-1,3-cyclohexanediol, L or D isomers thereof, α or β form thereof, pyranose or furanose form thereof, combination thereof, deoxy derivatives thereof, -hydroxyl-protected acetate derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, thio derivatives thereof, disaccharide thereof, trisaccharide thereof, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide thereof; wherein X₄ and X₇ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, oxygen, oxo, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het¹alkyl, Het¹aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, hydroxycarbonylaryl, hydroxycarbonyloxyalkyl, glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, ribosyl, ribulosyl, xylulosyl, erythrosyl, erythrulosyl, rhamnosyl, threosyl, sorbosyl, psicosyl, tagatosyl, fucosyl, arabinosyl, xylofuranosyl, lyxosyl, talosyl, psicosyl, idosyl, gulosyl, altrosyl, allosyl, mannoheptulosyl, sedoheptulosyl, abequosyl, isomaltosyl, kojibiosyl, laminarabiosyl, nigerosyl, primeverosyl, rutinosyl, tyvelosyl, maltosyl, lactosyl, sucrosyl, cellobiosyl, trehalosyl, gentiobiosyl, melibiosyl, turanosyl, sophorosyl, isosucrosyl, raffinosyl, gentianosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy mannosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-mannosyl, 2-amino-1,3-cyclohexanediol, L or D isomers thereof, α or β form thereof, pyranose or furanose form thereof, combinations thereof, deoxy derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected acetate derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, thio derivatives thereof, disaccharide thereof, trisaccharide thereof, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide thereof; wherein X₅ participates in a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 4 and 5 or between carbon atoms in positions 5 and 6, and X₆ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, and hydroxyalkyl, or wherein X₅ and X₆ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, aminoaryl, unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, aminocarbonyl, and wherein n is an integer between 0 and
 5. 4. The compound according to claim 1, wherein X₁, X₂, R₁ and R₂ are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyloxy, oxo and oxyalkyl, wherein X₃ participates together with X₃′ in an oxo functional group, or wherein X₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, oxyalkyl, oxycarbonyl, glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, ribosyl, ribulosyl, xylulosyl, erythrosyl, erythrulosyl, rhamnosyl, threosyl, sorbosyl, psicosyl, tagatosyl, fucosyl, arabinosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy mannosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-mannosyl, L or D isomers thereof, α or β form thereof, pyranose or furanose form thereof, combination thereof, deoxy derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected acetate derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, thio derivatives thereof, disaccharide thereof, trisaccharide thereof, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide thereof; and X′₃ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl and aralkyl, glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, ribosyl, ribulosyl, xylulosyl, erythrosyl, erythrulosyl, rhamnosyl, threosyl, sorbosyl, psicosyl, tagatosyl, fucosyl, arabinosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy mannosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-mannosyl, L or D isomers thereof, α or β form thereof, pyranose or furanose form thereof, combinations thereof, deoxy derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected acetate derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, thio derivatives thereof, disaccharide thereof, trisaccharide thereof, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide thereof; wherein X₄ and X₇ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, oxygen, oxo, hydroxyl, glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, ribosyl, ribulosyl, xylulosyl, erythrosyl, erythrulosyl, rhamnosyl, threosyl, sorbosyl, psicosyl, tagatosyl, fucosyl, arabinosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy mannosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-mannosyl, L or D isomers thereof, α or β form thereof, pyranose or furanose form thereof, combination thereof, deoxy derivatives thereof, hydroxyl-protected acetate derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, thio derivatives thereof, disaccharide thereof, trisaccharide thereof, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide thereof; wherein X₅ and X₆ are hydrogen or wherein X₅ participates in a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 4 and 5, and X₆ is hydrogen, and wherein n is an integer between 0 and
 2. 5. The compound according to claim 1, wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, X₃′, X₆, X₇, R₁, R₂ and n are selected from the group indicated in claim 1; and wherein X₄ is equal to X₅ and is selected from the group consisting of halogen, aminoalkyl, aminoaryl, unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl and aminocarbonyl, or wherein X₅ participates in a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 5 and 6, and X₄ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aminoalkyl, aminoaryl, unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, Het¹, Het², cycloalkyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, carboxyl and aminocarbonyl.
 6. The compound according to claim 1, wherein X₁ and X₂ are —OMe, wherein R₁ and R₂ are —H, wherein X₄ is hydrogen, wherein X₃ participates together with X₃′ in an oxo functional group, wherein X₅ participates in a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 4 and 5, wherein X₆ is hydrogen, wherein X₇ is hydroxyl, glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, fucosyl, cellobiosyl, gentiobiosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, disaccharide or trisaccharide thereof; and wherein n is
 0. 7. The compound according to claim 1, wherein X₁ and X₂ are —OMe, wherein R₁ and R₂ are —H, wherein X₃ is hydrogen, hydroxyl, oxyalkyl or oxycarbonyl, wherein X₃′ is glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, fucosyl, cellobiosyl, gentiobiosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, a disaccharide or a trisaccharide thereof, wherein X₄ is hydrogen, wherein X₅ participates in a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 5 and 6, wherein X₆ is —H, wherein X₇ is hydrogen, oxygen, hydroxyl or oxo, and wherein n is
 0. 8. The compound according to claim 1, wherein X₁ and X₂ are —Me, wherein R₁ and R₂ are —H, wherein X₃ is glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, fucosyl, cellobiosyl, gentiobiosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, a disaccharide or a trisaccharide thereof, wherein X₃′ is hydrogen, alkyl or aralkyl, wherein X₄ is hydrogen, wherein X₅ participates in a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 5 and 6, wherein X₆ is —H, wherein X₇ is hydrogen, oxygen, hydroxyl or oxo, and wherein n is
 0. 9. The compound according to claim 1, wherein X₁ and X₂ are —OMe, wherein R₁ and R₂ are —H, wherein X₃ participates together with X₃′ in an oxo functional group, wherein X₄ is hydroxyl, glucosyl, fructosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, fucosyl, cellobiosyl, gentiobiosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucosyl, 2-amino-2-deoxy galactosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactosyl, a disaccharide or a trisaccharide thereof, wherein X₅ participates in a double bond between the carbon atoms in position 5 and 6, wherein X₆ is —H, wherein X₇ is hydrogen, oxygen, hydroxyl or oxo, and wherein n is
 0. 10. A compound of formula IB or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, X₃′, X₄, X₅, X₆, X₇, R₁, R₂ and n are selected as indicated in Table A or Table B.
 11. A method for synthesizing a compound having the structural formula IB

wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, X₄, X₅, X₆, X₇, R₁, R₂ and n are selected from the group as indicated in claim 1, said method comprising the steps of a) providing a starting material having the structural formula IV,

wherein X₃, X₃′ and X₇ are selected from the group as indicated in claim 1, and wherein P is a protecting group, b) effecting reaction between the compound of step a) with an organometallic compound having the structural formula V

wherein X₁, X₂, R₁, R₂ and n are selected from the group as indicated in claim 1, wherein W is a metal or a combination of metals and wherein Hal is a halogen atom, to result in an intermediate having the structural formula III′B

wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, X₃′, X₇, R₁, R₂ and n are selected from the group as indicated in to claim 1, and wherein p is a protecting group, c) effecting reaction between the compound of step b) with an organometallic compound having the structural formula VI Hal-W-X′₃  formula VI wherein X′₃ is selected from the group as indicated in claim 1, wherein W is a metal or a combination of metals, and wherein Hal is a halogen atom, to result in an intermediate having the structural formula IIIB

wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, X₃′, X₇, R₁, R₂ and n are selected from the group as indicated in claim 1, wherein P is a protecting group, d) deprotecting the X₇ group of the compound obtained in step c) to form a compound having the structural formula IIB

wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, X₃′, X₇, R₁, R₂ and n are selected from the group as indicated in claim 1, and e) oxidizing by reaction with a suitable oxidizing agent or agents to from a compound of formula IB or e) coupling an O-protected glycosyl or non-protected glycosyl to form a compound of formula IIB wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, X′₃, X₇, R₁, R₂ and n are selected from the group as indicated in claim 1 and X₇ is an O-protected glycosyl or a non-protected glycosyl, and f) deprotecting the O-protected groups of glycosyl to form a compound of formula IB wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, X′₃, X₄, X₅, X₆, R₁, R₂ and n are selected from the group as indicated in claim 1, and X₇ is a glycosyl, thio derivatives thereof, amino derivatives thereof, or hydroxyl-protected derivatives thereof.
 12. A compound obtainable by any of the steps according to the method of claim
 11. 13. A compound designated as compound UBS1664


14. A compound designated as compound UBS3327.


15. A compound designated as compound UBS3328.


16. (canceled)
 17. (canceled)
 18. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to claim
 1. 19. (canceled)
 20. A method of treating cancer comprising administrating to an individual in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 18. 21. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a therapeutically effective amount of a compound prepared by the method of claim
 12. 22. A method of treating cancer comprising administrating to an individual in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 21. 